Neumann, Jolam Tjako: Experimental weathering of Aboriginal rock art from the Murujuga Peninsula, Western Australia : Do emissions from the local industry have an impact on the rock art weathering rate?. - Bonn, 2025. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83349
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83349
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/13185,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83349,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-591,
author = {{Jolam Tjako Neumann}},
title = {Experimental weathering of Aboriginal rock art from the Murujuga Peninsula, Western Australia : Do emissions from the local industry have an impact on the rock art weathering rate?},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = jul,
note = {One of Australia's most important cultural heritage sites is located on Murujuga in Western Australia. More than one million petroglyphs can be found there, some of which are up to 30,000 years old. They are visible due to the colour contrast between the thin, outermost surface layer, known as rock varnish, and the underlying weathered layer of the host rock. The petroglyphs remain of great cultural and spiritual significance to the local Aboriginal community and may soon become UNESCO World Heritage Site.
As with many other cultural sites, there are concerns about a potential threat to the petroglyphs on Murujuga, as the ongoing industrial development on the peninsula has led to increased emissions of industrial pollutants, which may lower the rainwater pH. It is crucial to determine whether and how these pH changes may affect the rock surfaces on the peninsula. To date, there is no scientific consensus on this matter. Therefore, various experiments were conducted in this study to gain new insights and potentially answer the question of whether industrial emissions on Murujuga influence the weathering rates of rock surfaces and thereby pose a threat to the preservation of the petroglyphs.
The mineralogical and chemical composition of the varnish was determined, revealing that the varnish mainly consists of birnessite, haematite, and kaolinite. Irrigation experiments were used to investigate the pH dependence of the dissolution rates of the main components of the varnish. It was shown that the dissolution rates of the Mn oxide phases increase significantly at pH values below 5. Haematite proved to be the most stable main component of the varnish, with dissolution rates increasing only at a pH below 4.
The main part of this study involved a 12-month accelerated, semi-actualistic long-term weathering experiment, simulating six years of Murujuga-like conditions using rainwater with pH values of 5 and 7. The rock samples used were closely monitored using various analytical techniques to detect surface changes. In addition, DNA analyses were conducted to monitor the development of the microbial community. It was found that varnish weathering was already accelerated at pH 5. The weathering experiment also revealed significant differences between the various varnish types and their relative susceptibility to weathering. Furthermore, glass dosimeters provided by the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) were used in this long-term experiment to quantify the simulated conditions.
The results suggest that the weathering of the rock varnish is most likely impacted by industrial pollution, with weathering rates very likely already accelerated. Moreover, it is highly probable that the weathering rates will continue to increase if the pH level continues to decline. Additionally, new insights were gained into the composition and microstructures of the varnish as well as into the microbial community on the varnish.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13185}
}
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83349,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-591,
author = {{Jolam Tjako Neumann}},
title = {Experimental weathering of Aboriginal rock art from the Murujuga Peninsula, Western Australia : Do emissions from the local industry have an impact on the rock art weathering rate?},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = jul,
note = {One of Australia's most important cultural heritage sites is located on Murujuga in Western Australia. More than one million petroglyphs can be found there, some of which are up to 30,000 years old. They are visible due to the colour contrast between the thin, outermost surface layer, known as rock varnish, and the underlying weathered layer of the host rock. The petroglyphs remain of great cultural and spiritual significance to the local Aboriginal community and may soon become UNESCO World Heritage Site.
As with many other cultural sites, there are concerns about a potential threat to the petroglyphs on Murujuga, as the ongoing industrial development on the peninsula has led to increased emissions of industrial pollutants, which may lower the rainwater pH. It is crucial to determine whether and how these pH changes may affect the rock surfaces on the peninsula. To date, there is no scientific consensus on this matter. Therefore, various experiments were conducted in this study to gain new insights and potentially answer the question of whether industrial emissions on Murujuga influence the weathering rates of rock surfaces and thereby pose a threat to the preservation of the petroglyphs.
The mineralogical and chemical composition of the varnish was determined, revealing that the varnish mainly consists of birnessite, haematite, and kaolinite. Irrigation experiments were used to investigate the pH dependence of the dissolution rates of the main components of the varnish. It was shown that the dissolution rates of the Mn oxide phases increase significantly at pH values below 5. Haematite proved to be the most stable main component of the varnish, with dissolution rates increasing only at a pH below 4.
The main part of this study involved a 12-month accelerated, semi-actualistic long-term weathering experiment, simulating six years of Murujuga-like conditions using rainwater with pH values of 5 and 7. The rock samples used were closely monitored using various analytical techniques to detect surface changes. In addition, DNA analyses were conducted to monitor the development of the microbial community. It was found that varnish weathering was already accelerated at pH 5. The weathering experiment also revealed significant differences between the various varnish types and their relative susceptibility to weathering. Furthermore, glass dosimeters provided by the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) were used in this long-term experiment to quantify the simulated conditions.
The results suggest that the weathering of the rock varnish is most likely impacted by industrial pollution, with weathering rates very likely already accelerated. Moreover, it is highly probable that the weathering rates will continue to increase if the pH level continues to decline. Additionally, new insights were gained into the composition and microstructures of the varnish as well as into the microbial community on the varnish.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13185}
}