Berthé, Ruben Andres: Spitting behaviour and fang morphology of spitting cobras. - Bonn, 2011. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-27075
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5069,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-27075,
author = {{Ruben Andres Berthé}},
title = {Spitting behaviour and fang morphology of spitting cobras},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2011,
month = nov,

note = {To investigate the influence of different parameters on the venom spitting, behavioural experiments were conducted. In these experiments different targets were presented to the cobras. The results showed that contrary to the assumption, eyes had no effect on the spitting behaviour. Neither was their presence required to elicit spitting, nor did the cobras aim their spitting at them. The shape of the target was of importance. While targets with a rounded shape generally elicited spitting, simple targets with straight edges did not. This was not affected by the size of the target. An explanation may be that the shape of an object could be a good indicator of the danger it poses to the snake. The eyes instead my not always be discernable and therefore it could make more sense to distribute the venom over the target. Spitting cobras could spit repeatedly in a short time which should lead to a high probability to hit an eye. In additional experiments it was tested whether the spitting behaviour is stereotyped or could be adjusted. The experiments demonstrated that spitting cobras are able to adjust the venom distribution to target distance. The further away the target was, the smaller was the angle over which the venom was sprayed.
Besides the behavioural experiments, the morphology of the venom fangs was investigated. It was known that the fangs of spitting cobras differ from fangs of non-spitting cobras in having smaller discharge orifices. Additionally it was known that they possess ridges inside the venom canal. By the use of microtomography the fangs of spitting cobras and non-spitting species were measured and compared in detail, for the first time. The data could be used to investigate the hydrodynamic aspects of the venom spitting. Artificial spitting experiments provide grounds for the assumption that uniform pairs of ridges may reduce the breakup of the venom streams},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5069}
}

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