Shiene, Shimeles Damene: Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures for land restoration in the Wello area, northern Ethiopian highlands. - Bonn, 2012. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-30171
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5136,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-30171,
author = {{Shimeles Damene Shiene}},
title = {Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures for land restoration in the Wello area, northern Ethiopian highlands},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2012,
month = nov,

volume = 89,
note = {Soil-erosion-induced land degradation is a great challenge in the Ethiopian highlands. Consequently, the government has invested in soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, mainly farmland terracing and exclosure of degraded lands. This study analyzed the effectiveness of those measures to tackle land degradation in the North and South Wello zones of the Amhara region (Ethiopia). The study analyzed land use/cover (LULC) and inter-annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes based on moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) image and NDVI data composited at 8-day and 2-monthly intervals, respectively. The analysis was based on data from 2000 to 2010 covering 300,000 km². The LULC showed remarkable changes, where large decrease in degraded woody vegetation and increases in grassland/woody grassland. Similarly, NDVI showed considerable changes over time where the area covered by NDVI values >0.4 and 0.3 to 0.4 increased by 12.5%, and 2.3%, respectively, which indicate vegetation restoration. Areas along highways, showed a positive NDVI trend, which indicates restoration, while the other parts were identified as degradation hotspots, which could be due to differences in SWC policy implementation. The study also assessed farmland terrace soil fertility and crop yield as well as soil fertility change in exclosures at micro-watershed scale.
Soil fertility change in exclosure was analyzed using soil samples from three age categories (open sites, 10- and 27-year-old exclosures), two agro-ecological zones (Weyna- Dega/mild and Dega/cool) and three terrain positions (lower, middle and upper). The samples were analyzed for selected physico-chemical properties, and statistically tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results reveal that the exclosure soils showed significantly higher organic carbon (9 g/kg) and total nitrogen (1.2 g/kg) content than those on open sites. However, differences between the 10- and 27-year-old exclosures were non-significant, indicating a decline in fertility restoration rate with age. Exclosures in the Weyna-Dega zone showed significantly better soil fertility restoration than those in the Dega zone. This might be due to the effect of micro-climate on biomass production, vegetation types and organic matter mineralization. The soil physico-chemical properties neither had significant differences nor followed a regular trend across the terrain of the exclosure, which could be due to mechanical SWC measures. Therefore, exclosure planning should consider soil fertility restoration variation with age, agro-ecology and management.
The farmland terrace soil fertility analysis used composite topsoil (0-20 cm) samples collected from plots representing 4 terrain slope ranges (3-5%, 5-8%, 8-15% and 15-30%) at 3 positions within a terrace and compared with 1983 survey data. The samples were analyzed for selected soil physico-chemical properties and statistically tested using ANOVA. Yield data (grain and biomass) of selected crops monitored between 1995 and 2009 from 40 fixed plots on three terrace positions (low-, mid- and up) were statistically tested by a mixed linear model in SAS. The analysis revealed that farmland terracing helped to maintain soil fertility and crop yield. Crop yields and most soil properties except pH, exchangeable bases and clay content did not show significant differences across the terrain. Unlike in other studies, all topsoil properties except bulk density showed insignificant differences within a terrace, while yields of most crops significantly decreased from low- towards up- terrace position. Gradual bench terrace formation might reduce topsoil fertility gradients within a terrace, but this does not avoid soil depth and crop yield gradients. Soil fertility and crop yield also showed only slight changes (stable yield) across terrace age which indicates that terracing reduced soil and nutrient loss due to water erosion. However, terracing alone does not improve soil fertility and thereby crop productivity. Thus, terracing should be supplemented by soil fertility amendments by considering sitespecific conditions. Although SWC measures have limitations, generally they played a significant role in maintaining and/or restoring soil fertility, maintaining agricultural production, restoring vegetation cover, and mitigating anthropogenic land degradation.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5136}
}

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