Sufian, Muhammad: Biology, Monitoring and Management of Economically Important Wireworm Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Organic Farming. - Bonn, 2013. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-32022
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5537,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-32022,
author = {{Muhammad Sufian}},
title = {Biology, Monitoring and Management of Economically Important Wireworm Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Organic Farming},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2013,
month = may,

volume = 37,
note = {Wireworms, the larvae of click beetle species Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus and A. sputator are serious pests with increasing importance for several field crops. Since synthetic insecticides are prohibited in Organic Farming, indirect control approaches e.g. cultural or biological methods have to be used in organic crop production. Both biological and cultural measures heavily depend on extensive knowledge on the biology of a given pest. In our study we focused on the biology of important click beetle species occurring in Germany and on the efficacy of sex pheromone traps. The biology was studied in vials at constant temperature of 20°C (A. obscurus) and in rearing cages under semi-natural conditions (A. lineatus and A. obscurus) both focusing on larval morphology and development time. The efficacy of pheromone traps for male click beetles was tested with respect to the range of attraction (mark-release-recapture method) and to mass trapping over a five years period expected to reduce soil wireworm abundance. Finally, a strain of Beauveria bassiana was tested in the laboratory and in small-plot field experiments for efficient biological control of wireworms. All experiments were conducted at the experimental farm for Organic Agriculture ‘Wiesengut’ at Hennef/Sieg, Germany, belonging to the University of Bonn.
A minor part of the larvae grown in vials at 20°C already transformed into adults in the second year after egg-laying, completing their life cycle (from egg to adult) in 14 months with only one overwintering and two calendar years. Most of the larvae entered into a third year of development. In laboratory (vials) between 8 to 11 larval instars were recorded, even when sufficient soil moisture and food were present. Under semi-natural conditions 13 larval instars for A. obscurus and 12 for A. lineatus were observed to-date. The average number of A. obscurus instars after completing the first year of development in the field was 4.7 compared with 6.2 under laboratory conditions. At constant temperature (20°C) the life cycle of A. obscurus was completed in 841 days corresponding to 9,248 degree days (above a base of 9°C).
Experiments on the range of attraction showed that 40% of the released beetles (A. lineatus and A. obscurus) were recaptured. Males of both species were recaptured from all release points and the percentage recapture decreased (in part significantly) with increasing distance from 76% (2 m) to 35% (15 m) and 9% (60 m), respectively. In a long-term mass trapping experiment of over 5 years, pheromone traps in a grass-clover ley attracted a total of 12,378 male adults of three Agriotes species. The adult swarming period lasted from late April to late August with one major and a small peak in the successive years. The leading trapped species was A. lineatus followed by A. obscurus and A. sputator respectively. Overall 431 wireworms exclusively consisting of Agriotes species were captured, with 165 individuals for A. obscurus, 162 for A. lineatus and 15 for A. sputator and no significant difference between pheromone treated and untreated plots. Damage assessment experiments carried out after five years removal of male adults showed no subsequent wireworm potato impairment difference in treated and untreated plots. Application of B. bassiana under laboratory conditions showed a significant mortality in high number of wireworms boxes (50%) compared to low number of wireworms (17%) and untreated boxes (13%) respectively. In field experiments no significant differences were noted between furrows and whole surface applications and the control treatments.
According to our findings on the biology of click beetles the two years following the year of oviposition are critical for potato tuber injuries. During that period crops should be grown where new oviposition is low, e.g. crops that are intensively hoed such as fababean, maize or field vegetables. A reduction of soil wireworm abundance and tuber injuries via pheromone mass trapping is apparently not possible. Biological control with entomopathogenic fungi requires further research.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5537}
}

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