Habash, Samer Samir: Identification and characterization of effector proteins of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. - Bonn, 2017. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-47498
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7023,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-47498,
author = {{Samer Samir Habash}},
title = {Identification and characterization of effector proteins of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2017,
month = may,

note = {Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are considered as economically important pests of a wide range of plants including ornamentals, vegetables, and fruit trees. The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii causes massive yield loss in sugar beet production. H. schachtii is a biotrophic sedentary endoparasite which depends on a specific hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cell structure in the host root. To induce and maintain the feeding site, H. schachtii uses a specific set of effector proteins that are secreted mostly from the oesophageal glands. Identification and functional analysis of these proteins are crucial steps to understand the nature of nematode parasitism. In our study, we sequenced the H. schachtii transcriptome via Illumina MiSeq. We compared the assembled H. schachtii transcriptome with the available nematode ESTs from NEMBASE4 and transcripts from available nematode transcriptomes in order to identify new effectors. We found 484 putative secretory proteins specific to plant-parasitic nematodes (PSP). Further comparison with known H. schachtii ESTs resulted in the identification of so far unknown PSPs. The annotation of the identified PSPs showed enrichment in certain gene ontologies such as metabolic and catalytic activities in addition to growth regulation function. We selected two genes for a detailed functional analysis. Through Pfam domain analysis, we identified “HsPDI” encoding a protein disulfide-isomerase domain and “Hs-Tyr” encoding a tyrosinase functional domain. To our knowledge, these two domains have not yet been described in the context of nematode effector proteins.
Transcripts of both genes were localized in the esophageal gland of pre-parasitic juveniles, and their expression was found to be up-regulated during the parasitic developmental stages. Silencing of both genes by RNAi affected nematode development and syncytium formation: both females and syncytia were significantly smaller than the controls. On the contrary, ectopic expression of the effectors in Arabidopsis increased plant susceptibility to H. schachtii.
Silencing of HsPDI led to syncytia with distinct ultrastructural changes such as less dense cytoplasm with distorted and degraded organelles. Treating HsPDI-expressing Arabidopsis plants with the defense inducing peptide flg22 triggered ROS burst, but the measured H2O2 level was lower compared with control plants. Furthermore, treating pre-infective nematode juveniles with H2O2 caused up-regulation of HsPDI expression. Silencing HsPDI in pre-infective nematode juveniles induced higher sensitivity to H2O2 stress compared with untreated nematodes. Fluorescence microscopy of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing HsPDI::GFP showed that it is specifically located in the apoplastic space. Thus, our results demonstrate the importance of the HsPDI for the interaction between nematode and host as an apoplastic effector, and indicates the possible function of HsPDI as a scavenger of plant ROS.
Ectopic expression of Hs-Tyr in Arabidopsis has a clear impact on plant growth: shoot growth was promoted and root architecture was changed. No changes where observed in the root length or weight. Additionally, the presence of Hs-Tyr in the plant caused changes in the homeostasis of several plant hormones especially auxin, jasmonate precursor cisOPDA and the ethylene precursor ACC. No significant changes of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid levels were observed. The transgenic plants were more susceptible to H. schachtii, but not to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This indicates that this effector is of specific importance for the parasitism of the cyst nematode H. schachtii. The results suggest that Hs-Tyr interferes with the orchestration of plant hormones in a still unknown way.
The presented results show that the analyzed PSPs have specific effects on nematode-plant interaction and therefore serve as effectors facilitating parasitism.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7023}
}

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