Zaworra, Marion: Toxicogenomic studies of the effects of insecticides on the western honey bee (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae). - Bonn, 2019. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-56635
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/8022,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-56635,
author = {{Marion Zaworra}},
title = {Toxicogenomic studies of the effects of insecticides on the western honey bee (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae)},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2019,
month = nov,

note = {Pollinator health and safety are among the most intense and controversially discussed topics in science, public and politics of the last years. The use of insecticides and their potential effects on the western honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), as well as other bee species, have become a core part of this debate.
In particular, insecticides belonging to the chemical class of neonicotinoids have been occasionally accused to be a key driver in pollinator decline worldwide. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that act as partial agonists of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) of insects and are widely applied to combat sucking and certain chewing pest species. Different neonicotinoids display differences in their intrinsic toxicity on honey bees with the N-cyanoamidines thiacloprid and acetamiprid acting about two to three orders of magnitude less toxic compared to N-nitroguanidines such as imidacloprid.
In this thesis, light was shed on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the honey bee sensitivity towards certain neonicotinoid insecticides.
Radioligand binding assays conducted on head membrane preparations of the honey bee revealed that thiacloprid and imidacloprid display a similar nanomolar binding affinity to postsynaptic nAChRs. In conclusion, the toxicity difference of the compounds does not derive at the molecular target and has to have another origin.
A number of published studies indicated that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (450s) play a crucial role in the oxidative metabolism of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee. Thus, different in vivo and in vitro methods were developed to mechanistically assess the interaction of selected neonicotinoid insecticides with honey bee P450s.
First, the previously described problems associated with the isolation of functional microsomes from abdominal preparations of honey bees were approached and solved by the simple removal of the venom gland sting complex prior to tissue homogenization. A detailed method for the isolation of highly active microsomes from whole worker abdomen is outlined and compelling evidence depicted that the bee venom compound phospholipase A2 is responsible for the inactivation of microsomal P450s, most likely by disintegration of the microsomal membranes. In addition to the characterization of the detoxification capacity of microsomal P450 with fluorescence based model substrates, the significantly faster P450-driven detoxification of thiacloprid in comparison to imidacloprid was demonstrated in vitro.
Important insights on the role of individual P450s belonging to the monophyletic group 3 in the oxidative metabolism of the selected neonicotinoid insecticides were obtained from studies with functional expressed enzymes. The three honey bee P450s belonging to CYP9Q-subfamily have been identified as key enzymes in the rapid metabolism of N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid insecticides with CYP9Q3 highlighted as the particular key enzyme involved in the rapid detoxification of thiacloprid by hydroxylation in vitro. The turnover of imidacloprid by this enzyme family was significantly lower; thus enzymes belonging to CYP9Q-subfamily were identified as molecular determinants mediating bee sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides.
A new method was developed in order to elucidate the in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the selected [14C]-labelled neonicotinoids after contact exposure. This study demonstrated that the N-cyanoamidines thiacloprid und acetamiprid displaying a lower acute intrinsic toxicity to honey bees showed a slower penetration through the honey bee cuticle in line with a faster metabolization and elimination rate compared to the intrinsically highly toxic N-nitroguanidine imidacloprid. Applying this method, the in vivo metabolic fate of thiacloprid in honey bees was elucidated for the first time. The study completed a knowledge gap on the contact mode of entry of neonicotinoids and identified the pharmacokinetics as another factor contributing to the lower intrinsic toxicity of thiacloprid and acetamiprid after contact exposure to honey bees.
The outlined toxicogenomic studies provide a mechanistic view on the interaction of honey bees with selected neonicotinoid insecticides. The established biochemical and molecular methods are ready to be applied to address fundamental research questions, as well as applied questions in the bee safety evaluation of crop protection products.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/8022}
}

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