Mit der Flucht des Dalai Lama 1959 nach Indien brach das tibetische Gesellschaftsgefüge zusammen, an dessen Spitze der Klerus, die Aristokratie und Regierungsbeamte standen. Gewaltsam wurde ihr von der Kommunistischen ...

Dieses Forschungsprojekt als Ziel, Integrationsprozesse von Migranten zu untersuchen, unter besonderer Betonung der irregulären Migration. Um die Spezifizität der Eingliederungsprozesse irregulärer Migranten entdecken zu ...

The research deals with the concept of workforce diversity management that has gained popularity in recent years because of increasing diversification of employees, customers, markets and stakeholders. In this context, ...

A brisk, flourishing and independent local commerce and the integration of the population into local and regional trading structures are important basic conditions for the development and welfare of a region. Both are ...

The term Local Economic Development (LED) is not is not new, but has an emerging context and usage. The contemporary local economic development approach is conceived as a development strategy that taps the synergy of ...

The study is situated in the debate about ‘knowledge for development’ by looking at the inter-linkage of academia-industry-government in the Indonesian science system. The research is based on 10 months of fieldwork conducted between 1^st of May 2010 to 25^th of February 2011 in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) and in Jababeka Industrial Cluster, Indonesia. It is a participatory, ethnographic and multilevel research, starting with large areas then scaling down to smaller areas and population. Specifically the methods employed during the fieldwork were: (1) participant observations, (2) in-depth interviews, (3) focus group discussions. I complement the analysis further with secondary statistical data. It builds its analysis and field data collection from the extended case method. The main question of the research is how is knowledge produced, shared, and governed between academia, industry and government in Indonesia? The thesis has three key objectives: first is to analyse the science policy in the normative and social facets, and the progression of regional autonomy in the regional facet, second is to examine the existing linkages of knowledge flow and the importance of location for the industrial cluster, third is to observe the academia’s knowledge production and knowledge sharing, including the process of knowledge exchange with industry.<br /> The thesis tells the story as to how and why there persists a divergence of the linkage of academia-industry- government in the Indonesian science system. This divergence constrains the capacity of the Indonesian science system in localising the (global, tacit) knowledge from the supply chain linkage. I contend that the science system in Indonesia is centralised. The institutional (normative) space where the state manifests itself depict a control in the grip of the thematic research agenda, fragmentation of policy enabling academia-industry collaboration and active alliance building with other countries, namely Japan, to pursue economic growth. The role of Jakarta as the centre pulling the control is reified in the social space as manifested in the policy as practices. The features are resources (particularly human capital and research funding in the science system) being scattered, the structure reinforces preferences for small projects, cheap labour and natural resources. Jakarta functions as the centre, controlling academia’s production of knowledge. Next, the regional facet analysis of the splitting of the administrative region (or pemekaran) shows how the progression of regional autonomy is enabling the competition of resources among the bureaucratic elites. This brings back the centralisation process in the Indonesian science system. The industrial cluster study reveals how tacit knowledge is governed and the importance of location - all of which are shaped by the supply chain linkage. The Jababeka Industrial Cluster is shaped by the supply chain linkage and thus, lacks the capacity of a knowledge cluster. Despite this, there is an uneven spatial progression forming a core-periphery structure and existence of ‘nested clusters’. As it functions more in terms of its location to facilitate the supply chain, the cluster output is likely not to be new part or product development, but tacit experiential knowledge for the production process. The tacit knowledge for the production process is, by large, controlled by the hierarchical vertical Japanese keiretsu [Keiretsu can be defined as ‘hands interlocked in a complex networked of formal and informal interfirm relationships’ (Hatch Yamamura 1996: 69)] linkage. The horizontal collaboration between academia-industry is restricted and limited. The potential of the cluster rests upon the embedded horizontal linkage among industries in the ‘nested cluster’ in the spatial peripheries. The academia is pulled towards the bureaucratisation and/or liberalisation process. The argument is based on organisational analysis of President University (PU) and ATMI Polytechnic Cikarang – both are located in the Jababeka Industrial Cluster.  The analysis of President University (PU) shows how it has a lack of control over its resources, and second, the emphasis on maintaining academic decorum in the everyday business of running a university. This is the bureaucratisation process. The investigation of the ATMI Polytechnic Cikarang divulges how the intended production-based education system shifts into an education based on the production system. The entrepreneurial facet of the organisation subsumes the logic of the knowledge production and sharing, making it function as an industry. This is the liberalisation process. <div> <div id="ftn1"> </div> </div>...

In 1997 Malaysia started the construction of the biggest knowledge-based cluster in the form of a new township known as Cyberjaya. (Knowledge-based clusters are agglomeration of organisation that actively uses knowledge both as input and output for instance universities and colleges, research institutions, think-tanks, government research agencies and knowledge-intensive firms (Evers, 2010). ) The cluster was designed to be the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) hub following other Science Park models in developed countries. (The term ICT is used loosely and covers all related industries including multimedia as well as software development and hardware design.) The planning and development of the cluster is highly centralised and focuses on hard rather than soft infrastructure. If interconnection (Porter, 2000) and transfer of tacit knowledge (Evers, 2008) is the key to a successful cluster then it should be one of the main indicators of a dynamic cluster, apart from having a sophisticated infrastructure as argued by Saxenian (2004). Therefore, the main question addressed in this research is; how do knowledge flow, knowledge sharing and urban planning contribute to the development of Cyberjaya as a knowledge city?<br /> This research has three main objectives; the first objective is to contribute towards the understanding on how physical development impacts the formation of knowledge-based clusters in Peninsular Malaysia. The influences of spatial planning and urban development on Cyberjaya as a knowledge-based cluster were also analysed. Finally, the last objective is to thoroughly examine knowledge sharing, knowledge network, and the importance of spatial proximity among people working in ICT companies in the city.<br /> In an attempt to answer the question and fulfil the three objectives this research has applied a case study (Yin, 2008) and mixed method approach (Cresswell, 2009). It uses the bottom up technique in which the research begins by understanding the situation through individuals living and working in the city before proceeding to analysing the development at the macro level. In addition, ‘Verstehen’ is exercised to understand the symbolic meaning connected with the city and its inhabitants. (This method was utilised in chapter three in which the symbolic meaning of the city was analyse following an earlier study by Evers (1997).)<br /> I argue that politically motivated cluster development has influenced the epistemic landscape, knowledge-based cluster and knowledge workers in Cyberjaya. Furthermore, physical infrastructure alone would not produce the innovative and knowledge outcome. Malaysia’s centralised administrative system as well as ethnic, elites and crony based capital distribution has also impacted the growth of knowledge-based clusters. It creates an opportunity for the political elites to benefit from the massive infrastructure projects such as Cyberjaya. The argument is divided into seven parts consisting of one preamble together with five empirical chapters and a conclusion. They are based on different issues which make up the argument in the respective chapters....

At all times, people had to adapt to processes of ecological change. But the strategies and mechanisms of the adapting of livelihoods to those processes have certainly gained more and more global attention since the effects ...

The tomato sector in Ghana has always been viewed as a potential sector for employment and income generation. In the Upper East Region, its significance was back in the 1960s when the government supported the sector with ...

One of the most daunting challenges of development in Sub-Saharan Africa, and northern Ghana in particular, is how to secure livelihoods for rural populations under environmental change. This dissertation explores how rural ...