Nana, Annie Stephanie: Heavy metal contamination in urban agriculture and human health risk in Yaoundé, Cameroon. - Bonn, 2022. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-68980
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/10523,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-68980,
author = {{Annie Stephanie Nana}},
title = {Heavy metal contamination in urban agriculture and human health risk in Yaoundé, Cameroon},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2022,
month = dec,

note = {Heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment. The sources of heavy metals are both natural and anthropogenic activities. Urban growth, coupled with increasing demand for vegetables, has led to the utilization of lowlands for agricultural production in Cameroon and beyond that increased the level of heavy metals in environmental media. This study assessed the seasonal characteristics of heavy metals in foods and their potential health risks in the main areas of urban agriculture in Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cross-sectional survey of 130 vegetable producers in six lowland areas was conducted to gather insightful information about their farming practices. Heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb) contamination in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables was investigated in four cultivated lowland areas in and around Yaoundé during the dry and wet seasons. The degree of contamination of the vegetable, using the leafy vegetable Solanum nigrum as a model species, was evaluated using the crop pollution index (Pi), and the bioaccumulation potential of metals was calculated using the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The potential human health risk was assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR). The study found that the farming practices, specifically the use of pesticides and both organic and mineral fertilizers, were similar in all study areas. Except for the Mokolo area, all farmers utilized surface and groundwater for crop irrigation. Although the heavy metals concentration in the irrigation water was higher in the dry than wet season, all six heavy metals were found at levels below the WHO/FAO recommended limits, suggesting that the water was safe for crop irrigation. The soil analyses revealed that Cr concentration exceeded the permissible limit, while the Ni concentration was within the WHO/FAO limit in both seasons in all study areas. Cu, Zn, and Pb in agricultural soils were below the thresholds except for the Mokolo area. Contamination by heavy metals in plant and soil samples was higher than in irrigation water and was higher in plants than in soil samples. Most of the studied heavy metals exceeded the FAO/WHO thresholds in all study areas. Cd had the highest Pi, and Zn the highest BAF in both seasons and all studied areas. The HQ of Cd, Cr, and Cu for all areas, as well as Zn for Mokolo was >1, suggesting the probability of adverse effects. The HI >10 for most areas indicates a high probability of health risks that can be chronic or acute. The TCRs for Cd, Cr, and Ni for all areas as well as Pb for the Mokolo area through the consumption of S. nigrum also exceeded the recommended WHO thresholds. The magnitude of human health risks per area was Mokolo > Ekoumdoum > Ekounou > Nkolbisson. These results indicate that the edible parts of S. nigrum produced in these lowlands were unsafe for human consumption and might lead to acute or chronic health risks. This study highlights the importance of seasonal and site-specific health risks regarding heavy metals exposure for urban consumers in Yaoundé. It serves as a case study for short-term and indicates the possibility for long-term adverse effects for other contaminant incidents. It calls for more attention on human health hazards via the food chains and more efforts to solve the outstanding environmental issues affecting population health and well-being of urban communities in Africa.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/10523}
}

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