Johnson, Jean-Martial: Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on rice productivity in Burkina Faso. - Bonn, 2024. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-79363
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/12477,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-79363,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-410,
author = {{Jean-Martial Johnson}},
title = {Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on rice productivity in Burkina Faso},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2024,
month = oct,

note = {Irrigated systems play a critical role in meeting the growing demand for rice (Oryza sp.) and ensuring global food security. In semi-arid regions of West Africa, with emerging water scarcity driven by rapid population growth and climate change, producing more rice with less irrigation water is a major challenge. Among the available water-saving technologies, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation is most promising, yet poorly known by rice farmers in those regions. Moreover, it remains questionable whether AWD can simultaneously achieve the multiple goals of saving water, while increasing rice yields, improving farmer income, and enhancing nutrient use efficiencies. The present thesis explores this issue through four research objectives: (1) investigate farmers' perception of water scarcity in irrigated rice systems, and identify key strategies and determinants of their adoption; (2) quantify actual yields, yield gaps, and their variability, and assess trade-offs or synergies between productivity and resource (water and fertilizer) use efficiencies; (3) evaluate the impact of AWD on yield, water productivity and farmer income and identify cropping practices driving AWD-associated yield gains; and (4) assess the effect of AWD on fertilizer use efficiency and the bioavailability of key nutrients. Household socio-economic and field surveys and participatory on-farm trials comparing AWD and farmers' irrigation practices, were conducted in four contrasting irrigation schemes of Burkina Faso between 2018 and 2020. Four main results emerged.
(1) Nearly 80% of the smallholder farmers have experienced water scarcity in their irrigated rice fields during the past 5 years, and perceived access to irrigation water as a key limitation to rice production in the dry season. To cope with the adverse impacts of water scarcity, farmers implemented seven types of adaptation strategies. Most popular among those are “water conservation by field bunding”, “replacing dry-season rice with less water demanding upland crops”, and “shifting out of rice production”. Membership in farmer associations increased the likelihood of implementing multiple strategies. Female-headed households were less inclined to adopt multiple adaptation strategies.
(2) Dry-season rice was less productive than wet-season rice (3.7 Mg ha-1 vs. 5.3 Mg ha-1) and showed higher yield variability (CV: 46% vs. 29%). The yield gap was slightly higher in the dry (36%) than in the wet seasons (31%). The main determinants of yield levels and yield variability were season-specific. While the number of seedlings per hill and the source of seeds were the most important crop management practices for improving yield and reducing the variability in wet-season rice, the split of N fertilizer applications and the soil dryness index were the most important in dry-season rice. High yields were associated with improved water productivity, and high N, P, and K use efficiencies.
(3) AWD reduced irrigation water inputs by 30% compared to the farmer's irrigation practice, while increasing grain yield by 6%. Consequently, AWD increased irrigation water productivity by 64% and profitability by 5% over farmers’ irrigation practices. The AWD-associated yield gains were highest under conditions of poor irrigation management, and when using indica varieties.
(4) AWD did not impair crop uptake and agronomic use and recovery efficiencies of N and P.
Overall, AWD can efficiently increase water productivity and serve as a profitable water-saving technology for sustainable rice production in dry climatic zones of West Africa. This study represents the first on-farm testing of AWD under different management and environmental conditions in the semi-arid zone of West Africa. Results suggest that achieving both high yields and resource-use efficiencies are not conflicting goals, but require a reshaping of rice irrigation practices, involving a systematic monitoring of field water levels. The large-scale diffusion of AWD could contribute to mitigating water scarcity in irrigated rice-based systems in dry climatic zones of West Africa, thereby enhancing rural livelihoods and food security.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/12477}
}

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