Behn, Kai Frederik: Wetland Vegetation in East Africa – Integrity, Diversity, and Recovery Dynamics. - Bonn, 2025. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-80815
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-80815
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/13002,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-80815,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-547,
author = {{Kai Frederik Behn}},
title = {Wetland Vegetation in East Africa – Integrity, Diversity, and Recovery Dynamics},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = apr,
note = {Wetlands in East Africa provide various ecosystem services. They are important habitats for biodiversity, regulate and purify water, store carbon, and provide wild plants for food and medicinal use. At the same time, they are suitable sites for agricultural production, with usually fertile soils and secure water availability for most parts of the year. As demand for cropland and food increases, driven for instance by demographic growth, economic development, climate risks, and upland field degradation, wetlands in East Africa are increasingly in the center of land use conflicts. The BMBF funded GlobE-project “Wetlands in East Africa: Reconciling future food production with environmental protection” aimed at researching the status quo of East African wetlands, evaluating management options for their agricultural uses, formulating policy recommendations, and building capacity among scientists in the region and beyond. The presented work was conducted within this framework, focusing on three key aspects of wetland vegetation, with specific methods and addressing the following overarching research questions.
(1) Integrity: What is the ecological state of representative East African wetlands and how can it be assessed? For this chapter, the WET-Health approach was applied with a multidisciplinary team at wetland sites in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. In this assessment scheme, the ecological state of wetlands was estimated on scales from 0 (natural conditions) to 10 (complete loss of wetland properties) in four modules (“Vegetation”, “Hydrology”, “Geomorphology”, and “Water quality”). Additionally, at each study site, structural attributes of wetland vegetation and dominant vascular plant species were recorded. A “vegetation-based index of biotic integrity” (VIBI) was calibrated via multiple linear models to predict the WET-Health scores with vegetation attributes. In all wetlands, the WET-Health vegetation module showed the strongest effect with intensive agricultural use. While the prediction of WET-Health scores with vegetation attributes yielded satisfactory results for the vegetation module, the approach did not provide acceptable results for the remaining WET-Health modules. Nevertheless, the VIBI appears to be a useful strategy to rapidly assess ecological states of East African wetlands.
(2) Diversity: How diverse is East African wetland vegetation? Here, we conducted detailed, plot-based vegetation surveys (relevés), comprising a record of all vascular plant species and their abundances. The survey was conducted along a hydrological gradient in the Namulonge inland valley wetland in Uganda, and in the Kilombero floodplain around the town of Ifakara in Tanzania. It included agricultural fields, fallow plots, and areas of undisturbed vegetation. Based on these relevés, vegetation units were identified with the Cocktail Classification approach. For each unit, an unequivocal definition was created and compiled in an expert system. In a second step, the expert system was applied to a database, comprising relevés from other East African wetlands (SWEAdataveg) and revised. Thirteen vegetation units were matched either with existing syntaxa or were newly described.
(3) Regeneration dynamics: How does East African wetland vegetation recover after disturbance? Lastly, the recovery of vegetation after an induced disturbance was monitored over a period of two years at the Namulonge inland valley and the Ifakara floodplain study sites, with regular samplings of aboveground biomass and species composition at different hydrological positions in each of the wetlands. While uninterrupted favorable growing conditions led to a fast recovery with gradual changes in species dominances in the inland valley wetland, a natural reference state was not reached within two years. Yet, fast changes in species composition and occurrences of useful plants highlight the importance of early succession stages for biodiversity and ecosystem services. In the floodplain, both dry season drought and wet season submergence events restricted the recovery potential of vegetation.
Overall, this work provides adapted tools to assess the integrity and diversity of East African wetland vegetation. Results support land use management recommendations to reconcile biodiversity conservation with agricultural wetland uses.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13002}
}
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-80815,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-547,
author = {{Kai Frederik Behn}},
title = {Wetland Vegetation in East Africa – Integrity, Diversity, and Recovery Dynamics},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = apr,
note = {Wetlands in East Africa provide various ecosystem services. They are important habitats for biodiversity, regulate and purify water, store carbon, and provide wild plants for food and medicinal use. At the same time, they are suitable sites for agricultural production, with usually fertile soils and secure water availability for most parts of the year. As demand for cropland and food increases, driven for instance by demographic growth, economic development, climate risks, and upland field degradation, wetlands in East Africa are increasingly in the center of land use conflicts. The BMBF funded GlobE-project “Wetlands in East Africa: Reconciling future food production with environmental protection” aimed at researching the status quo of East African wetlands, evaluating management options for their agricultural uses, formulating policy recommendations, and building capacity among scientists in the region and beyond. The presented work was conducted within this framework, focusing on three key aspects of wetland vegetation, with specific methods and addressing the following overarching research questions.
(1) Integrity: What is the ecological state of representative East African wetlands and how can it be assessed? For this chapter, the WET-Health approach was applied with a multidisciplinary team at wetland sites in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. In this assessment scheme, the ecological state of wetlands was estimated on scales from 0 (natural conditions) to 10 (complete loss of wetland properties) in four modules (“Vegetation”, “Hydrology”, “Geomorphology”, and “Water quality”). Additionally, at each study site, structural attributes of wetland vegetation and dominant vascular plant species were recorded. A “vegetation-based index of biotic integrity” (VIBI) was calibrated via multiple linear models to predict the WET-Health scores with vegetation attributes. In all wetlands, the WET-Health vegetation module showed the strongest effect with intensive agricultural use. While the prediction of WET-Health scores with vegetation attributes yielded satisfactory results for the vegetation module, the approach did not provide acceptable results for the remaining WET-Health modules. Nevertheless, the VIBI appears to be a useful strategy to rapidly assess ecological states of East African wetlands.
(2) Diversity: How diverse is East African wetland vegetation? Here, we conducted detailed, plot-based vegetation surveys (relevés), comprising a record of all vascular plant species and their abundances. The survey was conducted along a hydrological gradient in the Namulonge inland valley wetland in Uganda, and in the Kilombero floodplain around the town of Ifakara in Tanzania. It included agricultural fields, fallow plots, and areas of undisturbed vegetation. Based on these relevés, vegetation units were identified with the Cocktail Classification approach. For each unit, an unequivocal definition was created and compiled in an expert system. In a second step, the expert system was applied to a database, comprising relevés from other East African wetlands (SWEAdataveg) and revised. Thirteen vegetation units were matched either with existing syntaxa or were newly described.
(3) Regeneration dynamics: How does East African wetland vegetation recover after disturbance? Lastly, the recovery of vegetation after an induced disturbance was monitored over a period of two years at the Namulonge inland valley and the Ifakara floodplain study sites, with regular samplings of aboveground biomass and species composition at different hydrological positions in each of the wetlands. While uninterrupted favorable growing conditions led to a fast recovery with gradual changes in species dominances in the inland valley wetland, a natural reference state was not reached within two years. Yet, fast changes in species composition and occurrences of useful plants highlight the importance of early succession stages for biodiversity and ecosystem services. In the floodplain, both dry season drought and wet season submergence events restricted the recovery potential of vegetation.
Overall, this work provides adapted tools to assess the integrity and diversity of East African wetland vegetation. Results support land use management recommendations to reconcile biodiversity conservation with agricultural wetland uses.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13002}
}