Opel, Lana: A likely role for stratification in present-day changes of the global ocean tides. - Bonn, 2025. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83947
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83947
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/13235,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83947,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-608,
author = {{Lana Opel}},
title = {A likely role for stratification in present-day changes of the global ocean tides},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = jul,
note = {Ocean tides are a phenomenon familiar to the general society, as they are observable in almost any coastal area. The regular rise and fall of the global oceans, caused by the gravitational attraction of Sun and Moon, affects nearly all oceanographic and geodetic satellite observations. Both satellite and in situ observations of the sea surface reveal subtle changes of ocean tides on interannual to secular time scales (~1-3 cm per century-1 in amplitude) that are unrelated to the astronomical forcing. Recent research aims to unravel and understand the physical mechanisms behind the observed tidal changes. Connections can possibly made with climate change, as it has the potential to impact tides through different physical processes. One such process is relative sea level rise, driven mainly by steric expansion of seawater and the mass input from melting ice sheets. However, sea level rise alone cannot account for observed large-scale tidal trends in the open-ocean. A second, related process is climate-induced upper ocean warming, which increases the stratification—that is, the density contrast—in the upper part of the ocean's vertical water column. The connection of tides to stratification mainly arises from the energy conversion from barotropic (depth-independent) to baroclinic (or internal) tides, when tidal currents are reflected and scattered at inclined underwater topography. The resulting internal waves of dense water are pushed upwards into lighter water, such that an oscillation is excited that depends on the strength of the stratification. As the ocean's stratification changes, tidal conversion and the energy left for propagation of the barotropic tide are modified, too. Using a three-dimensional global ocean model, I show that changes in ocean stratification are a leading cause for the interannual and long-term changes of tidal surface amplitudes observed over past decades. When analyzed from 1993 to 2020, open-ocean trends of the barotropic M2 tide are predominantly negative (~-0.1 mm per year-1), matching the trends estimated from satellite altimetry in spatial pattern and to some extent in magnitude. The tendency for decreasing barotropic M2 amplitudes indicates enhanced energy transfer to baroclinic tides, which indeed show a positive trend in their surface amplitude over the same time span. A comparison to modeled tidal changes associated with relative sea level rise highlights the primary role of stratification in driving present-day M2 trends in the open ocean. Toward coastal areas, where the impact of sea level rise increases, stratification still exerts controls on the tidal signal, in part overprinting the effects of sea level rise, e.g., at the US West Coast or in Northwest Australia. Analysis of year-to-year variations over 1993-2020 at individual tide gauge locations reveals that stratification also modulates tidal amplitudes on interannual time scales and with a certain regional coherence (e.g., western Pacific or Gulf of Mexico), despite the analysis being hampered by local factors. Additional simulations in decadal steps until 2100 and under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario suggest that the projected increase of ocean stratification forces future tidal changes, mostly causing decreasing M2 amplitudes on a global scale (consistent with present-day). The decrease in M2 amplitude does not scale linearly with time, counter to what might be expected from the projected near-monotonic increase in stratification. Alongside stratification, changes in ocean basin geometry—i.e., water depth and coastline position—affect future tides. In particular, relative sea level rise mainly drives coastal tide changes of up to ~10 cm, whereas expansion of the cavities underneath melting Antarctic ice shelves mostly acts on open-ocean tides. The relative importance of three drivers (stratification, sea level rise, ice shelf melt) and the magnitude of the induced tidal changes depend both on location and the adopted climate scenario. Taken together, the findings of this work are deemed a major step toward improved understanding of the processes underlying global tidal changes on different temporal and spatial scales.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13235}
}
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-83947,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-608,
author = {{Lana Opel}},
title = {A likely role for stratification in present-day changes of the global ocean tides},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = jul,
note = {Ocean tides are a phenomenon familiar to the general society, as they are observable in almost any coastal area. The regular rise and fall of the global oceans, caused by the gravitational attraction of Sun and Moon, affects nearly all oceanographic and geodetic satellite observations. Both satellite and in situ observations of the sea surface reveal subtle changes of ocean tides on interannual to secular time scales (~1-3 cm per century-1 in amplitude) that are unrelated to the astronomical forcing. Recent research aims to unravel and understand the physical mechanisms behind the observed tidal changes. Connections can possibly made with climate change, as it has the potential to impact tides through different physical processes. One such process is relative sea level rise, driven mainly by steric expansion of seawater and the mass input from melting ice sheets. However, sea level rise alone cannot account for observed large-scale tidal trends in the open-ocean. A second, related process is climate-induced upper ocean warming, which increases the stratification—that is, the density contrast—in the upper part of the ocean's vertical water column. The connection of tides to stratification mainly arises from the energy conversion from barotropic (depth-independent) to baroclinic (or internal) tides, when tidal currents are reflected and scattered at inclined underwater topography. The resulting internal waves of dense water are pushed upwards into lighter water, such that an oscillation is excited that depends on the strength of the stratification. As the ocean's stratification changes, tidal conversion and the energy left for propagation of the barotropic tide are modified, too. Using a three-dimensional global ocean model, I show that changes in ocean stratification are a leading cause for the interannual and long-term changes of tidal surface amplitudes observed over past decades. When analyzed from 1993 to 2020, open-ocean trends of the barotropic M2 tide are predominantly negative (~-0.1 mm per year-1), matching the trends estimated from satellite altimetry in spatial pattern and to some extent in magnitude. The tendency for decreasing barotropic M2 amplitudes indicates enhanced energy transfer to baroclinic tides, which indeed show a positive trend in their surface amplitude over the same time span. A comparison to modeled tidal changes associated with relative sea level rise highlights the primary role of stratification in driving present-day M2 trends in the open ocean. Toward coastal areas, where the impact of sea level rise increases, stratification still exerts controls on the tidal signal, in part overprinting the effects of sea level rise, e.g., at the US West Coast or in Northwest Australia. Analysis of year-to-year variations over 1993-2020 at individual tide gauge locations reveals that stratification also modulates tidal amplitudes on interannual time scales and with a certain regional coherence (e.g., western Pacific or Gulf of Mexico), despite the analysis being hampered by local factors. Additional simulations in decadal steps until 2100 and under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario suggest that the projected increase of ocean stratification forces future tidal changes, mostly causing decreasing M2 amplitudes on a global scale (consistent with present-day). The decrease in M2 amplitude does not scale linearly with time, counter to what might be expected from the projected near-monotonic increase in stratification. Alongside stratification, changes in ocean basin geometry—i.e., water depth and coastline position—affect future tides. In particular, relative sea level rise mainly drives coastal tide changes of up to ~10 cm, whereas expansion of the cavities underneath melting Antarctic ice shelves mostly acts on open-ocean tides. The relative importance of three drivers (stratification, sea level rise, ice shelf melt) and the magnitude of the induced tidal changes depend both on location and the adopted climate scenario. Taken together, the findings of this work are deemed a major step toward improved understanding of the processes underlying global tidal changes on different temporal and spatial scales.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13235}
}