Vela Vargas de Eiden, Talia Larisa: Environmental Policy under Political Transition : The Peruvian Mining Sector and the Yanacocha Goldmine. - Bonn, 2006. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-07433
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/2459,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-07433,
author = {{Talia Larisa Vela Vargas de Eiden}},
title = {Environmental Policy under Political Transition : The Peruvian Mining Sector and the Yanacocha Goldmine},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2006,
note = {The question of how to balance environmental protection with economic growth is at the forefront of policy agendas around the world. For Peru, environmental issues have opened new perspectives on how to manage natural resources while combating poverty and pursuing economic growth.
A way of responding to the political and economic crisis of the eighties was the process of stabilisation, structural reform, and reform of the state that took place in Peru starting from 1991. The implementation of reforms, at the national level, implied the adoption of a new institutional and regulatory framework. Those reforms included market liberalisation, privatisation of state-owned enterprises and trade liberalisation. Environmental institutions and regulations have found a place in that framework.
The reform process in the Peruvian case refers to a paradigm change from an attempt to emulate the economic and political systems of European welfare states (prevalent in the sixties and seventies) to a liberal political and economic system following the path inspired by the Chicago School of Economics in the eighties. In Peru, the failure in the implementation of successful economic policies targeting the poor ended undermining the system that sustained the political parties, aiding to its atomisation and eventual demise. Thus, in the political realm, Peru is a democracy in transition that still needs to strength the pillars of the democratic institutions that embody the political system.
In Peru, the introduction of sustainable development issues took place first at the level of institutions and regulations. One of the sectors that had to adapt the most to the introduction of environmental issues was mining. Peru possess 16 percent of the world reserves of silver, 15 percent of reserves of copper, 7 percent of the world reserves of zinc, and important volumes of reserves on other strategic minerals. Mining is a capital-intensive activity and usually has had an important toll in the regions in which has been carried on. The reforms prompted during the nineties had as aim to open mining resources to foreign and national private investors that, in exchange of favourable tax and revenue conditions, would invest the amounts necessary to develop a sector which was languishing after ten years of internal war. The copper and gold mining sectors have been the busiest during the last decade and represented the most important part of Peruvian mining exports as well. In terms of gold mining production, Peru is consistently the largest producer in Latin America and the eight largest worldwide.
Environmental policies in the mining sector were regarded with distrust by the economic actors. The main argument was that environmental conditions would be an additional obstacle to investment, putting the country in disadvantage in relation to others when attracting foreign capital. The approach favoured was to have as few regulations as possible. Mining operators were not motivated to undertake costly industrial renewal and re-engineering techniques. At the same time, environmental NGOs and CBOs were actively advocating for a sound environmental policy framework for the mining sector. Meanwhile, the government was mainly interested in achieving economic growth, with environmental liabilities as a second priority. The approach taken was to facilitate large project investment on natural resources extraction in Peru, particularly in the mining, gas and oil sectors.
The subject matter of this research is to study environmental policies in the context of political transition in the mining sector in Peru. This research is set up in the fields of political sciences and public policy. The research focuses on the institutions and actors interacting in the context of public policies for the environment in the mining sector in Peru, taking as case study the conflicts emerged through gold exploration in Northern Peru (Yanacocha, Cajamarca) during the period 1999-2004. Significantly, the research has as background the political struggles emerged during the same period, due to the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government in the country. The overall objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the role of institutions and actors in the design and implementation of environmental policies through an analysis of the institutional and regulatory framework underlying such policies. The aim of this research is to contribute filling the gap in the academic research on how the implementation of environmental policy at the national level takes place, in the context of political change.
This research will provide insight on in how far environmental problems are rooted in the overall development problems the country faces. The research shall contribute to the discussion on environmental policy in unstable political settings, adding inputs into the debate on the process of reform of the state, as proposed in Peru in the last years. The final aim is to contribute to an improved policy making process in the environmental field, taking into account the case of countries like Peru, subject to political instability and dependant on natural resources extraction for economic growth.
The case study of this research is gold mining extraction in the Peruvian Northern Andes (Cajamarca) carried out by Minera Yanacocha S.R.L., a joint venture of Newmont Mining Co. (U.S.A.), Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A. (Peru), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of The World Bank Group. Yanacocha is the second biggest goldmine in the world. The Yanacocha case brings together issues of interaction between government agencies at the national and at the regional and local levels, public participation and grievances, interaction of power and lobby groups, environmental damages with international repercussions, environmental issues as trigger for political claims, foreign investment involvement added to international financial institutions backing, among the most important. MYSRL is now the largest Latin American gold producer, while Cajamarca from being the fourth poorest department in Peru has gone to become the second poorest.
The Peruvian case is worth studying, as environmental institutions and regulations have been set up in the context of a state under reform and political instability. Mining in Peru is an economic sector in strong conflict with environmental interests. To study the case of the Peruvian gold mining can give us important lessons to draw on for the design and implementation of environmental policy and law in the context of political change processes. For that reason, it is an ideal ground for exploring in how far successful environmental policies are possible to achieve under reform and transition conditions.
Because of the economic importance of mining in the Peruvian context and the different interests at stake, a case study for the analysis of the institutional and regulatory framework for the environment in Peru is relevant as it helps analyse the links between political and economic issues and environmental problems. Furthermore, the mining sector reflects almost accurately the balance of interests, power and decision making processes (relating to public policy and environment) in Peru.
Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the theoretical building blocks that inform the concept of “environmental policy.” In Chapter 3, a historical perspective is taken to analyse the introduction of environmental issues in the Latin American context. In Chapter 4, after an introduction to the political system of Peru, the political and economic background of the country is discussed, in the light of the process of reform of the state that took place during the nineties, parallel to the introduction of environmental policies in Peru. In Chapter 5, the Peruvian institutional and regulatory framework for the environment is analysed. Further, Chapter 5 analyses the environmental policies introduced in the country as part of the process of reform of the state during the nineties. Chapter 6 presents the mining sector and the environment in Peru. In Chapter 7, the case of gold exploration in the Northern Peruvian Andes by Minera Yanacocha Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada is analysed. This is an example of the problems stemming from large-scale mining projects. In the light of the conflicts of Cajamarca, environmental, mining and public policies need to be reassessed to attain a logical framework that can effectively serve to promote private investment, while, at the same time, strengthening human rights. The inclusion of participation, empowerment, good governance, and accountability in the Peruvian political system is a duty to allow democracy to take root in the context of a society that still has very much to overcome and achieve to deliver effectively the promise of development to its citizens.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/2459}
}

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