Viveros Añorve, José Luis: The Opportunity Cost of Financing Oportunidades : A General Equilibrium Assessment for Poverty Reduction in Mexico. - Bonn, 2015. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-39492
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/6231,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-39492,
author = {{José Luis Viveros Añorve}},
title = {The Opportunity Cost of Financing Oportunidades : A General Equilibrium Assessment for Poverty Reduction in Mexico},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2015,
month = mar,

note = {Despite the fact that Mexico has achieved macroeconomic stability after the financial crisis in 1995, it has failed to generate sustained high economic growth rates and to substantially reduce poverty and income inequality. Oportunidades (Opportunities), Mexico’s conditional cash transfer program, one of the three main pillars of the social development policy, has proven to be an insufficient tool for poverty reduction in a low and uneven economic growth phase and in the presence of informality. This research reviews Oportunidades’ impact on education, health, and nutrition of household beneficiaries and it is aimed at assessing the opportunity cost of financing Oportunidades in the context of the regional setting of Chiapas. Pro-growth and pro-poor tax structures are also explored to finance alternative strategies to reduce poverty and enhance rural development and inclusive growth. An applied Computable General Equilibrium Model in a bottom-up approach in GAMS is used.
This study finds that the opportunity cost of financing Oportunidades is given by the forgone investments in the agricultural, construction, and manufacturing sectors. A 20%, 10%, and 5% increase in fixed investment in agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, respectively, accompanied by distributional changes in Oportunidades and other social transfers, pro-poor direct tax rate changes and a higher VAT rate, may notably enhance real GDP growth by 6%. This combination of policies may also reduce informality, may ensure formal labor income growth increases more than capital income, and may generate pro-poor growth, in relative and absolute terms, as total income of poor households grows above that of the rich, and may reduce poverty and income inequality. These policy measures cause poverty, measured by the Poverty Gap Index, to fall by 31%, i.e. from 0.31 to 0.21, and create a fiscal and investment flow that may induce a process of structural transformation and rural change. This process might take place if such investments are carried out to cope with poverty traps such as missing and imperfect markets and lack of public goods. Moreover, the growth elasticity of poverty shows that for every one-percentage increase in GDP, poverty declines by 2.92% on average. In the context of this policy set, ceteris paribus, the time needed to exit poverty, that is, the average time for the poorest to reach the poverty line, is 10 years.
On the other hand, a redistribution of Oportunidades and other non-conditional social transfers, in a budget-neutral manner, may also contribute to reduce poverty and income inequality. Such redistribution can be done by either extending the program’s scope or by raising the amount of cash to be transferred by household. The latter might allow households to cope with liquidity constraints and save a larger share of income to invest in farming assets or other productive activities, leading them to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Likewise, a link between Oportunidades and the formal labor market established by implementing active labor market policies, such as apprenticeships, might entice poorer workers to acquire and/or improve their skills with the aim of earning higher wages and increasing their net disposable income, which would eventually allow them to escape from poverty.
Finally, a second-best strategy for inclusive growth and poverty reduction is given by a policy set composed of a 5% increase in fixed investment in construction combined with higher government consumption expenditure in agriculture, construction, and social services such as education and health, along with a 10% cut in public administration. This combination of policies fosters GDP by 4%. Furthermore, informality declines in all economic activities, with the exception of construction, educational and health services, and the total household income of the poorest grows much more than that of quintile 5. Total household income in quintile 1 rises by 10% while that in quintile 5, by 2%. As a result, poverty falls by 14% and the growth elasticity of poverty shows that for every one-percentage change in GDP, poverty goes down by 1.62%. In this context, the time required to exit poverty of households in quintile 1 is 27 years, assuming a sustained growth in real GDP per capita of 1.6%. Finally, this study shows that the withdrawal of Oportunidades, ceteris paribus, may have a significant negative impact on the poor.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/6231}
}

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