Schäfer, David Matthias: Biogas production in the light of the German Fertilization Ordinance : An economic and environmental assessment at farm and regional scale. - Bonn, 2021. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-63647
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/9424,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-63647,
author = {{David Matthias Schäfer}},
title = {Biogas production in the light of the German Fertilization Ordinance : An economic and environmental assessment at farm and regional scale},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2021,
month = nov,

note = {In Germany, the expansion of biogas plants is fostered by the Renewable Energy Sources Act to support the energy transition. Beneficial aspects of biogas such as providing flexible renewable energy and generating additional income for farmers are contrasted by its high costs and negative environmental impacts. Due to reduced subsidies the expansion came almost to a halt in 2014, however, negative environmental impacts of existing plants are still prevalent. The associated downsides include the effects of maize monocultures and additional nutrient pressure from the by-product biogas digestate on the quality of water bodies. The primary regulation to limit nutrient losses to water bodies is the German Fertilization Ordinance (FO), which was revised in 2017 and 2020 imposing considerable stricter nutrient application thresholds such as lower phosphate (P2O5) balance thresholds and a modified accounting for nitrogen (N) from plant-based biogas digestate. Biogas plants and livestock farmers have several strategies to comply with the FO and to mitigate N and P2O5 losses, with selling the excess nutrients on the organic fertilizer market being the most prominent one. This thesis aims to assess the policies at farm and regional level which intend to alleviate the negative environmental impacts of the increased biogas production. The focus in this thesis is on the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). The dissertation entails three studies which all differ in methodological approach and assessed policy measures. The first study extends a bio-economic farm model with a biogas plant and evaluates a subsidy which aims at the production of flexible renewable energy and input reduction of existing biogas plants. Thereby, it explores an option to reduce the negative impact associated with biogas production. In the second study a spatial price equilibrium model is developed to depict the organic fertilizer market and applied to selected measures of the revised FO 2017 and 2020. To improve the policy assessment, a bi-level calibration is established, and the results are compared to those of a non-calibrated model which are most common in the literature on organic fertilizer markets. The third study extends and applies an agent-based model with an organic fertilizer market. The inclusion of a meta-model allows a comprehensive assessment of the FO 2017 on organic fertilizer transport for the heterogenous farm population of NRW.
Changing the operation mode and reducing the input in biogas plants can be used to produce flexible energy and therefore contributes to the energy transition while lowering the quantity of biogas digestate. However, the remuneration costs for electricity production are even with moderate input reduction extremely high and difficult to justify given that electricity from biogas is the costliest among the renewable energies. The more common compliance strategy, exporting excess biogas digestate or other organic fertilizer, is going to increase in quantity and distance as a consequence of the revised FO 2017 and 2020. Next to the accounting of plant-based biogas digestate in the N application limit, the P2O5 balance threshold leads to an expansion of transports especially for pig fattening farms with high stocking densities. The increase in transport distance and quantity can be observed from counties with a high number of biogas plants and livestock into both adjacent counties and far-off counties within NRW. The associated nutrient flows show that transports can increase N quantities in regions with already high groundwater pollution levels. Policymakers have to consider implementing measures to prevent further deterioration of ground water bodies in those regions.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/9424}
}

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