Seibt, Katharina Diana: Effects of different milk replacer feeding levels during a 14-week preweaning phase in heifer calves : Characterisation of the oxidative status and the mammary gland development by ultrasound imaging. - Bonn, 2022. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-65634
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/9676,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-65634,
author = {{Katharina Diana Seibt}},
title = {Effects of different milk replacer feeding levels during a 14-week preweaning phase in heifer calves : Characterisation of the oxidative status and the mammary gland development by ultrasound imaging},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2022,
month = mar,

note = {The development of dairy heifer calves and especially their mammary glands is crucial for the productivity of the future dairy cows. Conventional rearing of dairy heifer calves is still based on restrictive milk or milk replacer (MR) feeding regimes, i.e., 4 – 6 L/d or 10% of body weight and weaning at around 8 weeks of age. A paradigm shift in the way of rearing heifer calves from restricted feeding and early weaning towards greater feed allowances and later weaning ages is ongoing. Increasing the daily MR allowance for calves might be better for growth, development, and future milk yields than restricted and low MR feeding. An improvement in animal welfare can be expected by increasing the daily MR allowance and thereby increasing energy and nutrient intake as well as by extending the time until weaning, because hunger and abnormal behaviour associated with restrictive feeding can be avoided. The influence of the MR feeding level on the systemic oxidative status, which describes the balance between the production of oxidants and the neutralizing defense capacity of antioxidants, is less explored in calves during rearing. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence and effects of different MR feeding levels during a 14-week preweaning phase on growth, mammary gland development, and systemic oxidative status in dairy heifer calves. In this study, 37 German Holstein heifer calves were examined during the first 5 months of life (week 20). The calves were allocated either to a high feeding level of MR (14% solids, 140 g MR/L) of 10 L/d (1.4 kg MR/d; HIGH, n = 18) or to a restrictive low feeding level of 5.7 L/d (0.8 kg MR/d; RES, n = 19) until the linear weaning in week 13 and week 14 of life. Blood samples were initially collected 36 – 48 h after birth, then fortnightly from week 8 – 16, and in week 20 of life. Variables characterizing the oxidative status were measured in plasma. Ultrasound scans of the mammary glands were performed from each udder quarter of each calf first in week 3 of life and then at the same time points as blood sampling. The RES calves had lower growth rates and showed more signs of hunger than HIGH-fed calves, but did not differ from HIGH in their intake of solid starter feed and health status. While the level of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) increased with age, the oxidative damage to lipids (TBARS) and to proteins (AOPP), as well as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased during the first 20 weeks of life, whereby differences between feeding groups were limited to AOPP and FRAP. The developmental stages and tissue structures of the bovine mammary gland visible in ultrasound images, i.e., the parenchyma (PAR) and surrounding tissue (SURR), were defined, described, and schematically delineated. The resulting and classified 11 visible stages of the developing mammary gland thus formed an atlas of the developing bovine mammary gland. The brightness of these tissue structures, measured as pixel values, was not affected by the MR allowance, but showed an increase in brightness of PAR from week 8 of life onwards and a decrease in brightness of SURR, indicating the spread of PAR into SURR with increasing developmental stage. The present thesis characterizes the changes in oxidative status of dairy heifer calves with increasing age and confirms the benefits of a high feeding level of MR with regard to improved welfare, growth, and development. Even though an effect of MR feeding level on the brightness of structures and visible developmental stages of the mammary gland could not be detected in this study, the structural development and change of PAR could be seen in its increasing brightness and the categories of the herein developed atlas. Therefore, this study and the atlas can serve as a basis for further studies on the investigation of mammary gland development by ultrasound scanning.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/9676}
}

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