Meyer, Maximilian: Conservation and livelihood impacts of community-based natural resource management in Namibia's Zambezi Region. - Bonn, 2022. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-67236
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/10255,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-67236,
author = {{Maximilian Meyer}},
title = {Conservation and livelihood impacts of community-based natural resource management in Namibia's Zambezi Region},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2022,
month = sep,

note = {Halting biodiversity loss is a major environmental challenge to humanity, which requires and motivates increasing conservation efforts. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems has various approaches, such as community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). It is characterized by decentralized governance and devolution of land-use rights, promotion of collective management of natural resources by a designated community, and the twin goal of natural resource conservation and poverty alleviation. Namibia embraces the CBNRM approach, resulting in the establishment of several community conservancies as the country’s approach to CBNRM since 1998. However, the effectiveness of CBNRM in attaining these conservation and livelihood goals has been subject to considerable scholarly debate due to mixed evaluation results and high context specificity. Hitherto, empirical evidence on the effects of CBNRM has been neglected in this debate, despite its likely impact on conservation effectiveness and socio economic development.
This thesis aims to assess whether and how local resource governance shapes and affects conservation and livelihood outcomes as well as human–environment interactions. The Zambezi Region of Namibia is the study area due to its central location at the heart of the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Therefore, it is relevant for a wider conservation space. To reach the objective, the thesis uses empirical methods and quantitative data to show (1) how CBNRM affects conservation outcomes, (2) how CBNRM shapes human–environment interaction and dependencies, and (3) how conflicts between humans and wildlife shape rural livelihoods and the decisive role of CBNRM in these interactions. A complementary study to this thesis sheds light on how CBNRM shapes boundaries and territories.
In the first analytical chapter, remote sensing data, a fixed-effects panel estimator, and pretreatment matching is used to generate evidence that CBNRM somewhat increased elephant presence but had an overall negative effect on woodland cover. However, CBNRM works for woodland conservation when communities are located in and around wildlife corridors, which provide income opportunities from tourism. In the second analytical chapter, original household survey data is used to estimate double hurdle and fractional logit models. Results suggest the tendency for CBNRM to foster livelihood strategies that are, on average, more dependent on the environment. This effect is driven by outcomes of households that live in close proximity to touristic enterprises. Inside tourism areas, agriculture is discouraged as restrictions are implemented more rigorously, and soil organic carbon, an indicator for agriculture, is associated with less environmental income and dependencies. The third analytical chapter uses the same data as those in Chapter 2 and estimates the determinants and effects of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) using ordinary least squares. Results suggest that CBNRM increases HWC, but HWC does not decrease income and livelihood diversity, contrary to contemporary narratives. Meanwhile, CBNRM membership by households increases income and livelihood diversity, suggesting that CBNRM creates material benefits and therefore overall synergies. Increasing food insecurity concerns are likely due to discouragement of agricultural activities and the implementation of restrictions within conservancies (e.g., zoning of conservation and nonconservation areas). Nonetheless, further research must disentangle these interrelations.
Overall, the findings suggest that CBNRM in Namibia indeed works for wildlife conservation and socio economic development, but it has unintended consequences for vegetation. To avoid trade-offs from CBNRM in Namibia, policymakers should include vegetation conservation measures as an additional outcome of CBNRM agendas. Additionally, socio-ecological systems thinking could contextualize and identify heterogeneous effects of conservation policies. In areas where trade-offs occur between the environment and development, CBNRM requires additional conservation incentives to provide synergetic income opportunities from conservation. Finally, CBNRM in Namibia should improve at addressing nonmaterial costs from HWC and land-use restrictions, which may undermine the support of local communities to CBNRM.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/10255}
}

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