Neumann, Lukas: Dense Gas and Star Formation from the Milky Way to Nearby Galaxies. - Bonn, 2025. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-82659
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/13069,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-82659,
doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-555,
author = {{Lukas Neumann}},
title = {Dense Gas and Star Formation from the Milky Way to Nearby Galaxies},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2025,
month = may,

note = {Galaxies are the building blocks of the universe, which come in different sizes and shapes. Driven by dark matter, galaxies can interact and merge to form bigger galaxies across cosmic time. Across the cosmos, there are billions of galaxies that can be divided into two main classes - ellipticals and spirals. Spiral galaxies contain large gas reservoirs and show active star formation, while ellipticals are often depleted of gas and quenched in star formation. Galaxies contain hundreds of millions of stars that light up the universe. Everything between the stars is called the interstellar medium - a complex, turbulent subject containing various components and phases. One of the most interesting component are molecular clouds, which are the sites of star formation.
Star formation is at the heart of many astrophysical processes from planet formation to galaxy evolution that is intimately connected to the cycle of matter in galaxies, dominating its energy budget and chemical composition. At the same time, star formation is one of the most complex processes in the universe and hence only poorly understood. One of the key science questions is whether star formation proceeds in a universal way across the universe or if it varies across galaxies. Gaining a deeper understanding of the process of star formation requires the study of molecular gas in galaxies, which is the fuel for star formation. While it is known that stars form in the densest parts of giant molecular clouds, it is not very well understood how fast and efficiently gas is converted into stars and if and how star formation varies between and within galaxies.
Answering these questions requires observations of the densest parts of giant molecular clouds in a representative sample of star-forming galaxies. While hardly observable at optical wavelength, the interstellar medium shines at radio wavelength in molecular line emission. Only recently, radio observatories such as ALMA and the IRAM facilities have opened up a golden age of radio astronomy, allowing the detailed study of the interstellar medium in galaxies. This thesis makes use of the novel capabilities of ALMA to present the largest sample of dense gas observations across the local universe paired with multi-wavelength observations from state-of-the-art telescopes such as the VLT and JWST, allowing the most detailed view of dense gas and star formation in nearby galaxies.
In this thesis, we connect dense molecular gas, star formation, galactic environment and molecular cloud properties in a comprehensive way using new observations of nearby, star-forming galaxies. We find that the efficiency of converting dense gas into stars is not the same across galaxies, but varies with galactic environment and dynamical properties of molecular clouds in agreement with turbulent clouds models. On the one hand, these findings suggest that more extreme, dense, high-pressure, turbulent environments, typically found towards galaxy centres, might convert dense gas less efficiently into stars compared to the discs where clouds tend to decouple from the environment and show higher star formation efficiencies. On the other hand, these results also indicate that the tracers used to infer the mass of dense gas might become less trustworthy in these extremer environments. Therefore, we test the capabilities and limitations of these dense gas tracers, using new radio observations of molecular clouds in the Milky Way that provide a robust, high-resolution view of the physical conditions of molecular clouds and their associated line emission. We find that typical extragalactic dense gas tracers can also trace lower-density gas, questioning their utilisation as robust tracers of dense gas. Nevertheless, we show that these tracers are still sensitive to density and hence powerful extragalactic tools.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/13069}
}

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