Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Correlated Electron Systems and Photon Bose-Einstein Condensates

Abstract

This thesis explores non-equilibrium phenomena in quantum many-body systems, with a focus on correlated electron systems and photon Bose-Einstein condensates. The first part develops the theoretical foundation, beginning with the Lindblad master equation and the construction of non-equilibrium quantum field theory. The two-particle irreducible effective action formalism is introduced, from which the Kadanoff-Baym equations for real-time evolution and the Dyson equation for steady-states are derived. The theoretical groundwork continues with a treatment of strongly correlated electron systems, where non-equilibrium dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT), auxiliary particles, and the non-crossing approximation (NCA) are introduced. These techniques, together with the Lindblad and Kadanoff-Baym approaches, are used throughout the subsequent chapters. <br/> The second part presents the main research projects of this thesis. The first two projects are concerned with the fate of the heavy fermion state under irradiation of light. To accurately incorporate light-matter interactions in this case, dipole transitions must be included. In the first project a periodically driven system is considered, where the light can be treated semiclassically. A Floquet DMFT+NCA framework is developed, revealing the mechanisms and conditions under which the heavy fermion state is most strongly suppressed. The second project analyzes a THz spectroscopy experiment performed on CeCu₆. In this case a semi-classical treatment of the light field is no longer sufficient, and a full two-time evolution of all the non-equilibrium Green functions is necessary. This approach reveals the microscopic mechanisms underlying the collapse and revival of the Kondo state observed in the experiment. The next project investigates a recent experiment regarding an observation of a non-Hermitian phase transition in EuO. The equilibrium properties of EuO are first analyzed, and then an exciton model is constructed that gives rise to the non-Hermitian phase transition, in good agreement with experimental observations. In the final project, a photon Bose-Einstein condensate in a dye-filled microcavity is studied. A stabilization mechanism, distinct from thermalization, is revealed which admits a condensate phase for orders of magnitude longer than the experimentally relevant timescales.