Zimmermann, Benno F.: Proanthocyanidins in barley and malt analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and HPLC. - Bonn, 2005. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-06689
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/2344,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-06689,
author = {{Benno F. Zimmermann}},
title = {Proanthocyanidins in barley and malt analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and HPLC},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2005,
note = {Aim of this work is to develop a convenient method for the determination of proanthocyanidins in barley and malt. In a second step this method is applied to 61 barley and malt samples of different varieties, proveniences and growing years. In the brewing industry proanthocyanidins are of special interest. Main activities of the proanthocyanidins are related to undesired formation of chill haze and to the positively valued augmentation of the antioxidative capacity of beer. The detailed mechanisms are still under discussion. It is clear, that the positive and negative effects of proanthocyanidins depend on their quantity and quality. So determination of the sum of proanthocyanidins does not give sufficient information to discuss their action.
Selective analysis of proanthocyanidins is time and labor consuming.  Especially sample preparation requires a lot of manual work. Thus,  this work presents a fully automated and therefore fast and reliable  method for sample preparation of barley and malt followed by HPLC-UV.
The here described method bases on extraction using pressurized  liquid extraction (PLE). Essentially it is a static solid/liquid  extraction with high pressure and eventually high temperature in  stainless steel extraction cells. Using the Accelerated Solvent  Extractor (ASE) by Dionex, up to 24 samples in a series can be  extracted automatically.
For the first time, commercially available  polyamide cartridges are used for proanthocyanidins. SPE is  accomplished automatically by a liquid handling robot, the Automated  Sample Preparation with Extraction Cartridges-device (ASPEC) by  ABIMED and Gilson. The aspec takes the extracts from the ase and  carries out the complete spe procedure. The resulting solution is  ready to inject into the HPLC, that separates and quantifies six  proanthocyanidins and catechin in one run of 90 min. Sample extraction and extract clean-up are coupled online. This  coupling was developed by abimed and Dionex and is tested and  established under real laboratory conditions for the first time.  Within 24 hours 16 samples can be analyzed, about 6 hours of manual  work is needed. Recovery of the overall method is 70–91%,  reproducibility is 2.3–6.4%.
With this method 61 barley and malt samples of the growing years 1998– 2001 from four locations including summer and winter barley varieties  are analyzed. The annual and local variation of absolute contents of  proanthocyanidins appears to interfere varietal differences, so  differentiation between the samples is not possible. The ratio of  several pairs of proanthocyanidins (the relative quantitative  polyphenolic fingerprint) is characteristic for the variety and can  be used to control authenticity.
In addition, the here presented method is supposed to be applicable  to samples taken during the brewing process and to other food  samples. Two examples are given: monitoring beer filtration and  analyzing proanthocyanidins in the seeds of the açaí fruit from  northern Brazil. Since proanthocyanidins are discussed to have  positive effects on health, there is a market for functional food  with naturally high or enriched content of proanthocyanidins. Hence  it is necessary to control such products.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/2344}
}

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