Franckowiak, Anna: Searching for High-energy Neutrinos from Supernovae with IceCube and an Optical Follow-up Program. - Bonn, 2011. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-26728
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-26728
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5047,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-26728,
author = {{Anna Franckowiak}},
title = {Searching for High-energy Neutrinos from Supernovae with IceCube and an Optical Follow-up Program},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2011,
month = oct,
note = {In violent astrophysical processes high-energy neutrinos of TeV to PeV energies are expected to be produced along with the highest energy cosmic rays. The acceleration of nuclei to very high energies is assumed to takes place in astrophysical shocks and neutrinos are produced in the interaction of these cosmic rays with ambient baryons or photons. The neutrinos then escape the acceleration region and propagate through space without interaction, while the nuclei are deflected in magnetic fields and no longer carry information about their source position. Unlike gamma-rays, neutrinos are solely produced in hadronic processes and can therefore reveal the sources of charged cosmic rays.
The IceCube neutrino detector, which is located at the geographical South Pole, has been build to detect these high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The deep clear Antarctic ice is instrumented with light sensors on a grid, thus forming a Cherenkov particle detector, which is capable of detecting charged particles induced by neutrinos above 100 GeV.
Transient neutrino sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and Supernovae (SNe) are hypothesized to emit bursts of high-energy neutrinos on a time-scale of ≤ 100 s. While GRB neutrinos would be produced in the high relativistic jets driven by the central engine, corecollapse SNe might host soft-relativistic jets which become stalled in the outer layers of the progenitor star and lead to an efficient production of high-energy neutrinos.
This work aims for an increased sensitivity for these neutrinos and for a possible identification of their sources. Towards this goal, a low-threshold optical follow-up program for neutrino multiplets detected with IceCube has been implemented. If a neutrino multiplet – i.e. two or more neutrinos from the same direction within 100 s – is found by IceCube a trigger is sent to the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE). The 4 ROTSE telescopes immediately start an observation program of the corresponding region of the sky in order to detect a possible optical counterpart to the neutrino events.
Complementary to previous transient neutrino searches, which have been performed offline on IceCube data on source regions and time windows provided by gamma-ray satellites, this neutrino search is applied – for the first time – in real time to neutrino data at the South Pole. It is sensitive to transient objects, including those which are gamma-ray dark or not detected by gamma-ray satellites. In addition to a gain in sensitivity, the optical observations may allow the identification of the transient neutrino source, be it a SN, a GRB or any other transient phenomenon producing an optical signal. Hence, it enables to test the hypothesis of soft relativistic jets in SNe and may shed light on the connection between GRBs, SNe and relativistic jets.
The content of this work are the development and implementation of the optical follow-up program as well as the analysis of the data collected in the first year of operation. No statistically significant excess in the rate of neutrino multiplets has been observed and furthermore no coincidence with an optical counterpart was found. However, for the first time stringent limits can be set on current models predicting a high-energy neutrino flux from soft relativistic hadronic jets in core-collapse SNe. It can be concluded that a sub-population of SNe with jets with a typical Lorentz boost factor of 10 and a jet energy of 3 × 1051 erg does not exceed 4:2% at 90% confidence.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5047}
}
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-26728,
author = {{Anna Franckowiak}},
title = {Searching for High-energy Neutrinos from Supernovae with IceCube and an Optical Follow-up Program},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2011,
month = oct,
note = {In violent astrophysical processes high-energy neutrinos of TeV to PeV energies are expected to be produced along with the highest energy cosmic rays. The acceleration of nuclei to very high energies is assumed to takes place in astrophysical shocks and neutrinos are produced in the interaction of these cosmic rays with ambient baryons or photons. The neutrinos then escape the acceleration region and propagate through space without interaction, while the nuclei are deflected in magnetic fields and no longer carry information about their source position. Unlike gamma-rays, neutrinos are solely produced in hadronic processes and can therefore reveal the sources of charged cosmic rays.
The IceCube neutrino detector, which is located at the geographical South Pole, has been build to detect these high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The deep clear Antarctic ice is instrumented with light sensors on a grid, thus forming a Cherenkov particle detector, which is capable of detecting charged particles induced by neutrinos above 100 GeV.
Transient neutrino sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and Supernovae (SNe) are hypothesized to emit bursts of high-energy neutrinos on a time-scale of ≤ 100 s. While GRB neutrinos would be produced in the high relativistic jets driven by the central engine, corecollapse SNe might host soft-relativistic jets which become stalled in the outer layers of the progenitor star and lead to an efficient production of high-energy neutrinos.
This work aims for an increased sensitivity for these neutrinos and for a possible identification of their sources. Towards this goal, a low-threshold optical follow-up program for neutrino multiplets detected with IceCube has been implemented. If a neutrino multiplet – i.e. two or more neutrinos from the same direction within 100 s – is found by IceCube a trigger is sent to the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE). The 4 ROTSE telescopes immediately start an observation program of the corresponding region of the sky in order to detect a possible optical counterpart to the neutrino events.
Complementary to previous transient neutrino searches, which have been performed offline on IceCube data on source regions and time windows provided by gamma-ray satellites, this neutrino search is applied – for the first time – in real time to neutrino data at the South Pole. It is sensitive to transient objects, including those which are gamma-ray dark or not detected by gamma-ray satellites. In addition to a gain in sensitivity, the optical observations may allow the identification of the transient neutrino source, be it a SN, a GRB or any other transient phenomenon producing an optical signal. Hence, it enables to test the hypothesis of soft relativistic jets in SNe and may shed light on the connection between GRBs, SNe and relativistic jets.
The content of this work are the development and implementation of the optical follow-up program as well as the analysis of the data collected in the first year of operation. No statistically significant excess in the rate of neutrino multiplets has been observed and furthermore no coincidence with an optical counterpart was found. However, for the first time stringent limits can be set on current models predicting a high-energy neutrino flux from soft relativistic hadronic jets in core-collapse SNe. It can be concluded that a sub-population of SNe with jets with a typical Lorentz boost factor of 10 and a jet energy of 3 × 1051 erg does not exceed 4:2% at 90% confidence.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5047}
}