Cai, Xiaofeng: Molecular Analysis of Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Hormaomycin, an Exceptionally Complex Bacterial Signaling Metabolite. - Bonn, 2013. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-33710
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5773,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-33710,
author = {{Xiaofeng Cai}},
title = {Molecular Analysis of Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Hormaomycin, an Exceptionally Complex Bacterial Signaling Metabolite},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2013,
month = oct,

note = {Hormaomycin (HRM) is a nonribosomal peptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseoflavus W-384. It contains several unprecedented nonproteinogenic building blocks bearing chlorine, nitro or cyclopropyl moieties (Andres et al., 1989). HRM acts as a bacterial hormone by inducing cellular morphogenesis and increasing production titers of antibiotics in other Streptomyces spp.. Additionally, HRM is an antibiotic with high potency against coryneform actinomycetes (Andres et al., 1990) and also exhibits in vitro activity against a range of malarial parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum (Otoguro et al., 2003).
Studies of HRM biosynthesis have been hampered by genetically inefficient manipulation of its producing strain S. griseoflavus W-384. In addition, the inconsistent and low production of HRM in wild type strain has prevented us from investigation of its antibacterial and hormonal mechanism of action.
In order to address these problems, S. griseosflavus W-384 was firstly optimized for genetic engineering. The protoplast transformation system was established, allowing us to introduce two types of foreign plasmids (integrative and free-replicating) into this strain. Additionally, a conjugation system to mediate plasmid transfer between Escherichia coli and S. griseosflavus W-384 was optimized. The results provided the practical procedures to perform further molecular analysis of HRM biosynthetic genes.
To enhance the fermentation titres of HRM, the role of its cluster-encoded regulatory genes was investigated. A copy of hrmA or hrmB was placed under control of the constitutive ermE* promoter on the pWHM4*-based vector and was individually expressed in S. griseosflavus W-384, resulting in an increase of HRM production and its analogues as much as 135-fold. For the HrmB overproducer, six novel bioactive HRM analogues were isolated and characterized. This study demonstrates that HrmA and HrmB are positive regulators in HRM biosynthesis. A third regulatory gene, hrmH, was identified as a protein capable of shifting the metabolic profile of HRM and its derivatives. Its manipulation resulted in the generation of an additional HRM analogue.
To elucidate the HRM biosynthetic pathway, functional analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of unusual amino acids was carried out by gene knock-outs as well as genetic and chemical complementations. The results suggested that hrmI and hrmJ are essential for the biosynthesis of 3-(trans-2’-nitrocyclopropyl)alanine [(3-Ncp)Ala]. Manipulation of hrmD revealed its indispensable role in the biosynthesis of 4-propenylproline [(4-Pe)Pro]. Additionally, an eighth HRM analogue (HRM A8) was generated by feeding 4-ethinylproline [(4-Et)Pro] into hrmD mutant. HRM A8 will be further employed to determine molecular target of antibacterial and hormonal activities by “Click chemistry”. The gene knock-out and genetic complementation of hrmQ further proved that HrmQ is a halogenase catalyzing the chlorination of 5-chloro-1-hydroxypyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [Chpca].
HRM, as a signaling metabolite, can induce the aerial mycelia formation and sporulation in other Streptomyces spp.. To investigate its hormonal mode of action, HRM was tested against seven bld mutants derived from well-known Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and three bald mutants generated from Streptomyces griseus.
By overexpression of pathway-specific activators and mutasynthesis, eight HRM analogues were discovered and generated. Antibiotic assays with the eighth new congeners provided insights into structure-activity relationship and identified structural positions that could permit the generation of active analogs suitable for pull-down studies and target identification. Molecular analysis of the biosynthetic genes gave deeper insights into the HRM biosynthesis.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5773}
}

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