Belete, Mulugeta Dadi: The impact of sedimentation and climate variability on the hydrological status of Lake Hawassa, South Ethiopia. - Bonn, 2013. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-34510
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/5814,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-34510,
author = {{Mulugeta Dadi Belete}},
title = {The impact of sedimentation and climate variability on the hydrological status of Lake Hawassa, South Ethiopia},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2013,
month = dec,

note = {Lake Hawassa is a topographically closed lake in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. The water level of this lake has been rising significantly with an average rate of 4.9 cm/year over the study period (1970-2010). The cause of this rise is not yet sufficiently investigated. The main target of this study is to investigate causal variables for lake level variability in general, and its resultant rise in particular. The study is based on two main hypotheses. The first is concerned with the effect of climate variability on the lake level variability; and the second is related to the effect of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the lake.
The first hypothesis (the effect of climate variability) was investigated through the application of diverse statistical techniques. It comprises the coherence analysis to study the linear relationship between the 3.4 ENSO index and lake level changes. A sequential regime shift algorithm was employed to investigate the variations in the mean values of some selected hydro-climatic variables. Trend test was also used to investigate the variability of the hydro-climatic variables overtime. A simple water balance approach was applied to simulate the lake level variability so as to examine how the model behaves throughout the study period.
The second hypothesis (the effect of sedimentation) was approached by conducting a new bathymetric survey. The result of the new survey was compared with the existing bathymetric map of 1999. The Pacific-Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC) model was also employed to identify the "hot-spots" of sediment production in the watershed. In this semi-quantitative model, nine factors affecting sediment yielding the watershed were characterized, rated, and an overlay analysis was performed. Participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors that affect the hydrological status of the lake was conducted through the application of DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) analytical framework.
The result of the coherence analysis between the monthly lake level changes and the corresponding changes in the ENSO index reveals that the two variables have significant linear relationship over frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.14 cycles/month or 1.56 to 1.68 cycles/year. This corresponds to a dominant average periodicity (coincident cycle) of about 7.4 months. Furthermore, the result of sequential regime shift detections show that most of the significant change points coincide with the occurrences of ENSO events and climate shifts. Generally, the lake level tends to be high during El Niño and low during La Niña years. The typical example is the coincidence of extreme historical maximum lake level to the strongest El Niño event of the century that occurred in 1997/98. The coincidence of climate regime shift in the Pacific Ocean in 1976/77 with an equivalent regime shift in the lake level and rainfall records of this period is considered as additional evidence. The study further reveals the existence of sequential regime shifts in stream flow, runoff coefficient, and lake evaporation which clearly coincide with the occurrences of ENSO phenomena. Results of the Mann-Kendall trend analyses also reveal the significant increasing trend of the lake level and streamflow. On the contrary, decreasing trend of evaporation was observed while rainfall exhibits no trend over the study period.
The long-term increasing trend of streamflow from Tikur Wuha sub-watershed without the corresponding increment in rainfall is found to explain the role of land use/cover changes at least in modifying the impact of climate. The application of simple spreadsheet water balance model estimates the long-term (1986-2006) average annual magnitudes of the water balance components as follows: over-lake precipitation (89 Mm3), evaporation from the lake surface (132 Mm3), streamflow from the Tikur Wuha sub-watershed (94 Mm3), and streamflow from the un-gauged sub-watershed (77 Mm3) and storage changes (3 Mm3).
Comparison of the two bathymetric maps shows that the average accumulated sediment between the years 1999 and 2010 was estimated as 14 ± 5cm or 13.3 x106 m3. Assuming a constant rate, the mean annual average rate of sedimentation in the lake is about 1.2 cm/year or 1.1 x106 m3. Accordingly, the mean annual reduction in storage capacity of the lake due to siltation is 0.08 %.
The attempt to link sediment yield estimate of the bathymetric approach with the estimates of the PSIAC model results in a considerable disagreement as the former estimates 967 m3/km2/year whereas the latter estimates the sediment yield to be in the range of 95-250 m3/km2/yr.
The result of participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors and review of previous studies shows that anthropogenic factors show considerable impact on the hydrological status of the lake. Sedimentation and increased runoff are perceived as pressures (immediate causes) for the lake level rise (state). These pressures are perceived to arise from drivers (land use changes, deforestation and misuse/mistreatment of land resources). These drivers in turn had resulted from indirect drivers that comprised population growth and density, agricultural development, the use of wood as fuel, socio-economic changes, and the existing land tenure system. The interesting finding of this assessment of anthropogenic factors is the presence of promising policy instruments (responses) that support the integrated management of the lake and the watershed. The failure of implementation of these policy instruments is the commonly complained issues among the stakeholders.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/5814}
}

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