Thissen, Jens Michael: The Foraminifera of the Zanzibar Archipelago : (Tanzania, East Africa). - Bonn, 2015. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-38667
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/6388,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-38667,
author = {{Jens Michael Thissen}},
title = {The Foraminifera of the Zanzibar Archipelago : (Tanzania, East Africa)},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2015,
month = jan,

note = {The Zanzibar Archipelago is the largest reef system in eastern Africa and represents the transition from the high-diversity region of the Asian Indo-Pacific to the cold-water areas of southern Africa. It is among the most productive and biologically rich ecosystems along eastern Africa and provides valuable benefits to coastal people. The Zanzibar Archipelago consists of the three major islands Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia Island. These islands face an intensifying array of threats, including impacts from growing tourism, coastal development, overfishing, anthropogenic runoff, and consequences from global climate change (ocean acidification, temperature stress, bleaching). The combination of global and local stressors makes reefs increasingly susceptible to disturbance and ultimately reduces their capabilities to maintain their physical structure. Despite widespread recognition that the reefs along eastern Africa are seriously endangered, information on foraminifera, a prominent group of reefal carbonate producers, is limited. In this project the spatial distribution, composition, diversity and environmental significance of foraminiferal faunal assemblages in shallow-water reefal ecosystems were studied. For the first time in this area, a catalog of 167 species belonging to 98 genera, all illustrated by scanning electron microscopy, was established. The structure of the foraminiferal fauna was analyzed in different habitats that have been identified using statistical analyses, including observations made in the field.
Quantitative faunal analyses of sediment samples show the presence of seven macro-habitats around the three islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago, characterized by specific indicator taxa: 1.) the nearshore habitat in the vicinity of mangrove forests, dominated by opportunistic species able to withstand eutrophic conditions, 2.) the shallow lagoon habitat, characterized by smaller porcelaneous foraminifera, 3.) the shallow and extremely warm reef flats, dominated by a single species adapted to extreme conditions, 4.) the high-energy fringing reefs east of Zanzibar, harboring a large amount of symbiont-bearing foraminifera, 5.) the smaller apron reefs at Mafia Island, very similar to the larger fringing reefs of Zanzibar, 6.) the patch reefs on the sheltered western side of Zanzibar, characterized by a very particular fauna including species almost exclusively present in this habitat, and 7.) the highly diverse fore reefs at Pemba. The well-defined clusters show that even in relatively small-scale environments, habitats are excellently discriminable by foraminiferal assemblages.
Because of their high abundances and significant contribution to the stabilization of reefal frameworks in these habitats, some of the indicator taxa are prolific producers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and contribute a substantial portion to the sedimentary budget of reefal structures. Especially larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera produce a significant amount of carbonate in different reefal habitats. Comparison between percent abundances and carbonate producing capabilities of single taxa reveals the most important carbonate producers among foraminifera in their specific habitats. Both habitats and foraminiferal species that play a prominent and economically important role in reefal environments around the Zanzibar Archipelago were identified. These species occur in enormous abundances, modulate the availability of resources and modify their physical habitat. They also impact the structure, diversity and species richness of associated foraminiferal communities and they contribute to the protection of reefal structures and shorelines. In selected habitats, the foraminiferal CaCO3-input contributes significantly to the balance, accretion and the stabilization of reefal frameworks. Therefore foraminifera must be considered ecosystem engineers in reefs around the Zanzibar Archipelago. Recognition of the carbonate producing capabilities requires foraminifera to be included in future reef management strategies and helps to identify ecologically important key-habitats. Here the environmental and distributional characteristics of key-habitat forming species were analyzed and their role as ecosystem engineers in the Zanzibar Archipelago was assessed. The FoRAM Index shows that the coral reefs around the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago are generally in a good condition, though medium FoRAM Indexes in the reefs located at the western coasts of the islands indicate early signs of degradation. In the eastern reefs, high percentages of specific dominant larger foraminiferal species might skew the picture of healthy, less endangered coral reefs.
Highest productivity and ecosystem functioning was recorded at places dominated by the most abundant indicator taxa. The diversity at these places is lower and in general depends more on habitat characteristics related to biotic and environmental constraints than on water depth as the common trend of increasing foraminiferal diversity. Maximum diversity values were obtained from fine grained sediments at around 20 meters. The distribution, diversity and composition of foraminiferal assemblages thus show specific patterns and morphological adaptations that provide relevant information for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/6388}
}

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