Ali, Muhammad: Spatio-Temporal Estimation and Validation of Remotely Sensed Vegetation and Hydrological Fluxes in the Rur Catchment, Germany. - Bonn, 2018. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-49909
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7509,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-49909,
author = {{Muhammad Ali}},
title = {Spatio-Temporal Estimation and Validation of Remotely Sensed Vegetation and Hydrological Fluxes in the Rur Catchment, Germany},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2018,
month = mar,

volume = 403,
note = {Operational availability of spatio-temporal vegetation and hydrological estimates are becoming increasingly attractive for hydrologic studies from local through regional and global scales, especially in remote areas and ungauged basins. More advancement and versatility in satellite-based remotely sensed methods towards consistent and timely information for monitoring regional scale vegetation and hydrological fluxes may lead to efficient and unprecedented planning and management of agricultural practices and water resources. This thesis develops and analyses remote sensing methods for regional scale vegetation and land surface water fluxes estimation. Results from this study are validated at various test sites in the Rur catchment, Germany. These sites are equipped with sophisticated and state-of-the-art instruments for monitoring vegetation and hydrological fluxes.
Second chapter in this thesis explains a direct retrieval method and validation of the Leaf Area Index (LAI) from time-series of multispectral RapidEye images. LAI, quantifying the amount of leaf material, considered as an important variable for numerous processes in hydrological studies that link vegetation to climate. In situ LAI measuring methods have the limitation of being labor intensive and site specific. Remote sensing LAI (LAIrapideye) were derived using different vegetation indices, namely SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Additionally, applicability of the newly available red-edge band (RE) was also analyzed through Normalized Difference Red-Edge index (NDRE) and Soil Adjusted Red-Edge index (SARE). The LAIrapideye obtained from vegetation indices with red-edge band showed better correlation with destructive LAIdestr (r = 0.88 and Root Mean Square Deviation, RMSD = 1.01 & 0.92) than LAI from vegetation indices without red-edge band. This study also investigated the need to apply relative and absolute atmospheric correction methods to the time-series of RapidEye Level 3A data prior to LAI estimation. Analysis of the RapidEye data set showed that application of the atmospheric corrections did not improve correlation of the estimated LAI with in situ LAI, because RapidEye Level 3A data are provided with simplified atmospheric corrections and the vegetation indices used for LAI retrieval ware already normalized.
Third chapter investigates estimation of spatio-temporal latent heat using an energy balance approach and simplified regression between calculated latent heat (from energy balance) and downward shortwave radiation data from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Satellites. Mapping the spatio-temporal variability of latent heat is crucial to better explain important area-wide hydrological compartments and on the long term variations of climate system components as it determines evapotranspiration. In addition to atmospheric demand, vegetation especially leaf area determine the amount of water loss to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration. Here, I evaluate the use of land surface temperature, albedo, LAI and net radiation estimated at a satellite platform on coarse spatial but high temporal resolution in a two source land-atmosphere energy exchange model for estimating latent heat. First, latent and sensible heat fluxes (LEEBM and HEBM,) were calculated using a two source energy balance model for points in time where input data from remote sensing were available. Secondly, a complete spatio-temporal dataset of latent heat (LEREG) was estimated through a linear regression fit of LEEBM to satellite-based shortwave radiation, in order to quantify the gap-free consistent latent heat. LEEBM showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.83, 0.80, 0.84, 0.90, 0.85 and a root-mean-square difference RMSD of 63.41, 75.41, 66.16, 118.25 and 150.00 Wm-2 with in situ latent heat (LEEC) at five sites in the Rur catchment (Germany), namely, the lowland crop sites Selhausen and Merzenhausen, the low- and upland grassland sites Selhausen-Ruraue and Rollesbroich, and the forest site Wuestebach, respectively. LEREG exhibits correlation coefficient (r) of 0.83, 0.78, 0.86, 0.89, 0.83 and a RMSD of 51.15, 56.28, 47.46, 43.24 and 61.29 Wm-2 with LEEC at Selhausen, Merzenhausen, Selhausen-Ruraue, Rollesbroich and Wuestebach, respectively. While LEREG leads to a strong increase in the number of available hourly data points, correlation coefficients show only minor differences compared to LEEMB. The present study reveals a high ET rate (i.e., 641, 645, 644, 626 and 616 mmyear-1) during 2011 and a comparatively low annual ET rate (i.e., 594, 593, 597, 580 and 560 mmyear-1) in 2012 with respect to all test sites. In general, the ET rate shows an increasing trend again towards 2015.
Operational and reliable estimates of rain, evapotranspiration and runoff with respect to space and time are crucial for water balance applications to monitor quantitative variability of water resources. On catchment scale, runoff is the balance between water received as precipitation and water lost as evapotranspiration. Therefore, fourth chapter explains balancing of solely remotely sensed evapotranspiration and rainfall to quantify annual runoff patterns. In this study, predicted runoff correlates very well (r = 0.95) with in situ runoff, and mean annual runoff for the whole Rur catchment observed at the Stah gauge was 232.92 mm (predicted) and 279.66 mm (in situ) during 2012-2014. The approach of solely remotely-sensed water balance allows for the quantitative estimates of water balance and can be utilized for the water resources management at catchment scale.
In general, this thesis investigated the usability of remotely sensed data to derive time-series of LAI, evapotranspiration and annual runoff patterns. Dynamics of water and energy cycles are intimately linked at all scales at the land surface whereby density and type of vegetation play crucial role. Methods developed in this thesis, with minimum possible in situ inputs, will lead to better vegetation bio-physical and hydrological estimates on remotely sensed data especially in catchments with no or few ground-based networks.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7509}
}

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