Bannwarth, Christoph Nils: Development and Application of Efficient Methods for the Computation of Electronic Spectra of Large Systems. - Bonn, 2018. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-50442
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7548,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-50442,
author = {{Christoph Nils Bannwarth}},
title = {Development and Application of Efficient Methods for the Computation of Electronic Spectra of Large Systems},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2018,
month = apr,

note = {In this thesis, an efficient procedure to compute electronic excitation spectra of molecular systems is presented, focusing particularly on the computation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. ECD spectroscopy is commonly used to distinguish between the two enantiomers of a chiral compound. Due to a strong sensitivity to the three-dimensional structure, reliable simulation of ECD spectra of solvated molecules by quantum chemical methods requires the knowledge of the relevant conformers along with the corresponding ECD signals (i.e., the individual transition intensities and energies) and Boltzmann populations.
The latter point can be addressed by an established thermochemical protocol. It combines electronic energies computed in gas phase by dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) with nuclear ro-vibrational and solvation contributions to yield the free energies in solution. This model is applied to study the association of two intermolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Though this case study does not aim at computing an ECD spectrum, it provides insight on whether such a scheme could also be suited to rank conformers in solution. Comparison to high-level reference methods and partially available experimental data suggests that the largest uncertainty can be attributed to the implicit solvation model. The errors for different dimer arrangements, however, appear to be within the order of 1 kcal mol-1, which is encouraging for the pursued computation of conformer free energies. In combination with a quadruple-ζ basis set, hybrid DFT-D methods like the PW6B95-D3 are almost converged with respect to a complete basis and provide satisfactory results for the electronic energy contribution. Hence, they are recommended choices for the final electronic structure level to rank different conformers in routine calculations.
The major part of this thesis deals with the development and application of cost-efficient excited state methods. The current state-of-the-art to compute ECD spectra for systems with roughly 100 atoms is the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Based on the latter, the simplified TD-DFT (sTD-DFT) method is developed. The excited state treatment is accelerated by at least three orders of magnitude, resulting from semiempirically approximated two-electron integrals and a significant reduction of the involved matrix dimensions. The introduced approximations are in line with the ones in the previously presented simplified Tamm-Dancoff approximated TD-DFT (sTDA-DFT). It is shown that the sTD-DFT and the sTDA-DFT approaches provide roughly the same accuracy for vertical excitation energies, as well as absorption and ECD spectra, as their parental schemes, i.e., TD-DFT and Tamm-Dancoff approximated TD-DFT (TDA-DFT), respectively. Thus, sTD-DFT is an efficient approach that is suitable for the computation of ECD spectra.
Furthermore, sTD-DFT calculations conducted on "snapshots" from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offer an appealing way to effectively incorporate vibronic effects without a quantum mechanical (QM) treatment of the nuclei. Such a treatment is exemplified for [16]helicene (102 atoms) and a di-substituted derivative (164 atoms).
While the feasibility of applying sTDA-DFT to very large systems is demonstrated for two palladium(II) metallosupramolecular spheres (822 and 1644 atoms, respectively), it is also shown that this method produces ECD spectra of incorrect sign in the origin-independent dipole velocity formalism for extended π-systems. This behavior is due to the Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA) and, therefore, it is also present in TDA-DFT and the related configuration interaction singles (CIS) approach. Based on the insights obtained from this study, the A+B/2 correction is developed, which corrects the (simplified) TDA eigenvectors affording origin-independent dipole velocity ECD spectra of roughly (s)TD-DFT quality, while retaining the lower computational cost of the (s)TDA excited state treatment. Combination with a newly developed, purpose-specific extended tight-binding procedure for the ground state yields the ultra-fast sTDA-xTB approach. Due to different adjustments of the atomic orbital basis and the tight-binding Hamiltonian, the method is on a par with TDA-PBE0/def2-SV(P) for vertical excitation energies. The entire computation of an ECD spectrum (< 9 eV) for [16]helicene is finished in 10 s with sTDA-xTB, while the analogous calculation with sTD-BHLYP/def2-SV(P) takes more than one hour. Along with the availability of the required parameters for most elements of the periodic table, the extremely low computational cost of this newly developed method allows routine calculation of spectra for large systems (with roughly 1000 atoms), even if many different conformers need to be considered.
The last part of this thesis reports on another purpose-specific extended tight-binding scheme, GFN-xTB, which provides molecular geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and non-covalent interaction energies with comparable or better accuracy than existing semiempirical methods. Since parameters are available for all elements with Z ≤ 86, the method offers great potential to sample the conformational space of almost arbitrary molecules with up to a few hundred atoms. In combination with the ultra-fast sTDA-xTB approach, ECD spectra can be computed in an almost "black box" manner, e.g., by computing spectra on MD snapshots. Together with the established thermochemistry protocol mentioned above, the newly developed architecture sets the stage for a fully automatic multi-level ECD procedure to be developed in the near future.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7548}
}

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