Förderer, Esther-Meena: Biogeography and Diversity Hotspots of Larger Indo-Pacific Foraminifera : A Structural Faunal Analysis from Raja Ampat. - Bonn, 2018. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-51231
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7591,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-51231,
author = {{Esther-Meena Förderer}},
title = {Biogeography and Diversity Hotspots of Larger Indo-Pacific Foraminifera : A Structural Faunal Analysis from Raja Ampat},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2018,
month = jul,

note = {This thesis is the first comprehensive study on the species-rich benthic foraminiferal fauna of Raja Ampat (Indonesia) and the first to evaluate the biogeographic richness patterns and faunal provinces of recent Indo-Pacific Larger Benthic Foraminifera (LBF) on species-level. The Raja Ampat Archipelago is situated at the tip of Papua's Bird's Head Peninsula and lies within the most diverse tropical marine region, the so-called Coral Triangle. The Coral Triangle extends from the Philippines down to the Solomon Islands, including large parts of central and eastern Indonesia. Its delineation is largely based on the number and diversity of scleractinian corals, but the unique peak of species richness also applies to a broad scale of tropical marine taxa. Despite being in the focus of interest for years the composition and diversity of benthic foraminifera from Raja Ampat remained unexplored. Yet, its position in the center of the Coral Triangle turns it in a key area for evaluating biogeographic patterns of tropical shallow-water organisms. Mapping large-scale biogeographic patterns is a useful tool for setting conservation priorities by revealing biogeographical variability and enabling the identification of hotspots and coldspots in species richness. This can also provide insights into underlying mechanisms that promote richness patterns. Actually, the best-resolved patterns exist for reef fish and corals. However, for the most precise delineation of relevant areas, high-resolution distribution data of a wide array of model taxa is required. Symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) are not only contributing significantly to accretion and stability of coral reef complexes, but they are also perfect model organisms for monitoring reef health and detection of rapid changes in environmental conditions. Large-scale biogeographic patterns of LBF have been previously evaluated on generic level or for selected species. However, for revealing high-resolution and geological younger biogeographical patterns it is essential to evaluate richness on species-level. The process steps of this thesis were, first, the assessment of the foraminiferal assemblages and the foraminiferal diversity of Raja Ampat, and the documentation of all species identified in a catalog. And, building on this, the elaboration and the mapping of LBF species richness patterns for the entire Indo-Pacific and the assessment of faunal similarity, respectively the definition of faunal provinces. Therefore a load of literature records from publications from the years 1826 to recent were evaluated and species identifications were standardized when necessary. Additionally, original sample material from several locations in the Indo-Pacific was personally scanned and revised. Two different methods of mapping richness patterns (i.e. overlaying of Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) range maps and overlaying of Species Distribution Models (SDMs)) were then applied in order to strengthen and improve the informative value. MaxEnt software was used for establishment of the SDMs. MaxEnt is one of the most popular species modeling programs, that has been already successfully applied on various marine taxa including benthic foraminifera. This first comprehensive evaluation of the foraminiferal fauna of shallow-water sediment samples from Raja Ampat revealed an outstanding high diversity among the benthic communities and led to the identification of 421 species and the description of the new miliolid genus Dentoplanispirinella and the five new miliolid species Dentoplanispirinella occulta, Miliolinella moia, Miliolinella undina, Triloculina kawea and Siphonaperta hallocki. The benthic foraminiferal fauna is dominated by representatives of the LBF families Amphisteginidae and Calcarinidae. Hereby, a high abundance of calcarinid species is indicative for habitats exposed to high wave energy. There is no evidence for a geographical pattern in reef habitats as faunal similarity is quite high. However, analyses revealed a weak dependence on depth. These results support previous studies on reef communities in the region that found the habitats to be highly connected and similar. According to the results obtained from the Foraminiferal in Reef Assessment and Monitoring (FoRAM) Index, conditions are favorable for reef growth at all surveyed sites. Concerning the LBF species richness patterns, both the MCP and the SDM method are generally consistent in highlighting the waters in the sphere of the Coral Triangle as the most species-rich. By strongly emphasizing the central Philippines as the hotspot, they further delineate a center of maximum species richness in LBF. Oligotrophy and temperature were identified as most influential parameters in shaping the richness patterns. Distinct and consistent faunal provinces based on LBF species could be determined by cluster analysis on supra-regional as well as on regional scales. It appears that Central Indo-Pacific fauna shows a slightly stronger connection to the Indian Ocean fauna than to those of the Pacific. The assessment of LBF faunal similarity further identified the Raja Ampat Archipelago as an integral part of the highly diverse core region in the Central Indo-Pacific. Overall the results on richness and biogeographical patterns presented herein are in keeping with other single- and multitaxon richness patterns that have been established in recent years. Most importantly, by providing new and high-resolution insights on LBF biogeography they contribute substantially to the completion of the overall picture of the Indo-Pacific biodiversity hotspot and could have influences on future considerations towards targeted studies on LBF distribution and conservation priority settings.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7591}
}

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