Frohberger, Stefan-Julian: Evaluation of protective immune responses against Litomosoides sigmodontis and analysis of L. sigmodontis extract on T cell modulation and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. - Bonn, 2019. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-56273
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/8097,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-56273,
author = {{Stefan-Julian Frohberger}},
title = {Evaluation of protective immune responses against Litomosoides sigmodontis and analysis of L. sigmodontis extract on T cell modulation and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2019,
month = nov,

note = {Parasitic helminths are responsible for numerous tropical diseases which represent a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions such as lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), causing lymphedema in limbs and scrotum in lymphatic filariasis patients and onchocerciasis (river blindness) leading to blindness and severe dermatitis in onchocerciasis patients. Helminths modulate the immune system of their hosts to their benefit, enabling and prolonging parasite survival in the host. On the other hand, several human and animal studies confirmed a protective effect of helminth infections and worm extracts on allergic and autoimmune diseases and more recently on metabolic diseases such as diet-induced insulin resistance. In order to obtain a better understanding of filarial immunomodulation and protective immune responses against filariae, the Litomosoides sigmodontis model was used. As type 2 immune responses are in general associated with protective immune responses against filariae, the present thesis directly assessed the role of eosinophils, IL-5 and IL-4R on L. sigmodontis infection. Therefore, wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice and mice deficient for eosinophils (dblGATA), IL-5, IL-4R and both IL-5/IL-4R were used. Analyses were performed at the peak of microfilaremia (71 days post infection (dpi)) and during a late time point of infection (119dpi). Following necropsy parasitological (worm and microfilaria load) as well as immunological parameters (cytokine levels, major immune cell types) within the thoracic cavity (the site of adult worm residence) and the spleen were analysed. A negative correlation between thoracic cavity eosinophil numbers and the adult worm burden as well as microfilaremia was observed. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) correlated negatively with microfilaremia and positively with the adult worm load, which was associated with an extended adult worm survival in dblGATA, IL-5-/- and IL-4R-/-/IL-5-/- mice. Mice deficient for IL-4R/IL-5 had the highest susceptibility for L. sigmodontis infection, an earlier onset of microfilaremia, highest microfilariae (MF) loads and an extended adult worm survival. Another focus of this dissertation was the role of the damage-associated proteins S100A8/A9 during L. sigmodontis infection. S100A8/A9 was shown to provide an anti inflammatory effect within the lung during the migratory phase of infective L3 larvae. Therefore, S100A8/A9-/- mice exhibited a decreased worm burden, which was associated with an increased inflammatory immune response within the lung compared to WT controls. The reduced worm burden in S100A8/A9-/- mice was also given following subcutaneous (s.c.) infection and the immune response within the skin was not altered in comparison to WT controls. The S100A8/A9-mediated protective mechanisms occurred in the lung via neutrophils, but not in the skin. Furthermore, the impact of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, belonging to the family of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), during L. sigmodontis infection was analyzed. AhR-/- mice exhibited an increased worm burden, which was presumably based on limited protective immune responses within the skin and increased vascular permeability, facilitating larval migration and parasite survival.
The next part of this thesis studied the beneficial immunomodulatory effect of L. sigmodontis adult worm extract (LsAg) during diet-induced glucose intolerance and T cell inflammation. Repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of LsAg improved glucose tolerance, but not insulin sensitivity in obese mice. The protective effect was associated with a decreased type 1 inflammation in adipocytes, which represent a main cause of insulin resistance. IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17 were decreased in CD4+ T cells in LsAg treated mice. Furthermore TNF and IL-17 were significantly lower in CD8+ T cells in LsAg-treated animals compared to corresponding controls. Our study revealed that filarial extracts present potential candidates to treat diet induced insulin resistance. Finally, I contributed to the identification of novel macrofilaricidal compounds by in vivo testing in the L. sigmodontis rodent model with several industry partners.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/8097}
}

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