Schmitt, Sven: Recognition of cytosolic 3´P DNA & The role of GCET2+ DCs in cross-presentation. - Bonn, 2020. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-57567
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/8287,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-57567,
author = {{Sven Schmitt}},
title = {Recognition of cytosolic 3´P DNA & The role of GCET2+ DCs in cross-presentation},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2020,
month = apr,

note = {In mammalian cells, DNA is confined to the nucleus and mitochondria. Detection of DNA in other compartments like the cytoplasm indicates danger and infection. Our research group has previously discovered that 3´monophosphate end modifications augment cytosolic immune recognition of DNA. I could show that DNA with this 3´phosphate modification and DNA without it are similarly recognized by the cGAS-STING and AIM2-ASC pathways, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. However, in contrast to unmodified DNA, 3´monophosphorylated DNA was not degraded by the cytosolic DNase TREX1. The 3´monophosphate group has been shown to prevent binding of the DNA by TREX1 and thereby mediating the resistance of the DNA towards degradation. Using directed mutagenesis of the DNA binding site of TREX1 I tried to lift this block imposed by the 3´phosphate group. However, the specificity of TREX1 to not accept DNA with this modification proved to be highly robust. In order to investigate the source of 3´monophosphorylated DNA more profoundly, I developed an assay for the quantification of DNA with this modification in a sample. I also investigated the fate of cytosolic 3´monophosphorylated DNA. Cellular phosphatases might remove the 3´phosphate and allow TREX1-dependent degradation. Therefore, I investigated three known DNA repair proteins with putative or proven 3´phosphatase function and studied the phosphatase PNKP, which was the only candidate able to efficiently remove 3´phosphates from DNA in cell lysates when overexpressed, in greater depth. I studied cells with a knockout for PNKP, cells in which PNKP was overexpressed, and cells in which the function of PNKP was blocked by an inhibitor. Nevertheless, I could not detect a significant effect of PNKP on the innate immune response to 3´P DNA in these settings. In conclusion, I propose 3´P DNA as danger associated molecular pattern. Insights into the origin, recognition and degradation of 3´monophosphorylated DNA might allow us to prevent inflammation when it is harmful like in autoimmune diseases and to promote inflammation and the subsequent activation of the immune system in situation where it is beneficial like during vaccination or the treatment of cancer.
In a second project, I studied the role of GCET2+ dendritic cells in cross-presentation. This is an important immunological process in the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, in which a subpopulation of dendritic cells presents extracellular antigens to the cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. GCET2 has been identified as a bona fide genetic marker for cross-presenting dendritic cells in our laboratory. I characterized two transgenic mouse strains that express the human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the GCET2 promoter. The cells expressing the diphtheria toxin receptor can be ablated in living mice by the administration of diphtheria toxin, allowing the investigation of their functions. I found GCET2+ dendritic cells to be positive for the surface markers CD11c, CD8α, and XCR1 and negative for the surface markers CD4, CD11b, and SIRPα. Depletion of GCET2+ dendritic cells impaired cross-presentation and thereby showed that GCET2+ dendritic cells are crucial for this process. XCR1+ dendritic cells have been established as cross-presenting dendritic cells. I compared GCET2+ dendritic cells and XCR1+ dendritic cells and found no differences in function, localization, and gene expression. Further understanding of cross-presenting dendritic cells might support the development of new vaccination strategies for the prevention and treatment of infections and cancer.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/8287}
}

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