Düster, Robert Salim: Biochemical characterization of the human Cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk7 and Cdk10. - Bonn, 2021. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-62882
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/9272,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5-62882,
author = {{Robert Salim Düster}},
title = {Biochemical characterization of the human Cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk7 and Cdk10},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2021,
month = aug,

note = {Protein kinases comprise a large superfamily of enzymes regulating a plethora of cellular processes. Dysregulation of protein kinases, such as loss of activity, hyperactivity or mislocalisation, is often accompanied with severe malignancies. The family of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has been first described for their regulation of the mitotic cell cycle. However, of the 21 CDK family members found in man only the CDKs 1, 2, 4, and 6 are directly involved in cell cycle regulation. Another subset regulates gene expression at the level of transcription and transcription associated processes, whereas several other CDKs have no established function yet. Common to all Cyclin-dependent kinases is the requirement of the association with a regulatory cyclin subunit for activation. In addition to cyclin binding, phosphorylation of the kinase within an activation segment, called T-loop, is required for kinase activation.
Cdk7 forms a ternary complex with Cyclin H and the protein Mat1. Cdk7 is involved in both cell cycle regulation and transcription. Cdk7 phosphorylates the T-loop of the cell cycle CDKs 1, 2, 4, and 6 leading to their activation. Additionally, Cdk7 is involved in transcription initiation as it associates with the general transcription factor TFIIH. Within recent years, pharmacologic inhibition of Cdk7 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Cdk7 has been studied for almost three decades, but nonetheless regulation of Cdk7 kinase activity at a molecular level is not understood in detail. In contrast to Cdk7, only very few studies address the functional role of Cdk10 to date. Concomitantly, the regulatory cyclin subunit of Cdk10, Cyclin M, has not been identified until 2013. In cancer, Cdk10 is mostly described as a negative regulator of cell cycle progression and reduced Cdk10 levels were found to confer tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. In this thesis, the human cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk7 and Cdk10 in complex with their regulatory subunits have been analysed by biochemical and biophysical techniques.
In contrast to other CDKs, Cdk7 is phosphorylated at two sites within its T-loop, Ser164 and Thr170. Of these two sites, Thr170 resembles the canonical activation residue which is conserved among CDKs. The second phosphorylation site at Ser164 has been implicated in stability and activity regulation of Cdk7 but no apparent function has been attributed to this phosphorylation mark so far. A focus of the first part of this thesis was to study the effect of Cdk7 Ser164 phosphorylation on kinase activity and complex formation using recombinant protein. By mutational analyses, in which Cdk7 Ser164 was replaced by a non-phosphorylatable alanine, it could be shown that phosphorylation of Cdk7 is required for full activity of the ternary Cdk7/CycH/Mat1 complex. Importantly, the Cdk7 S164E mutation, which was introduced in order to mimic the Cdk7 Ser164 phosphorylation, did not recapitulate the effect of Ser164 phosphorylation in wild type Cdk7 preparations. However, the effect of Ser164 phosphorylation within ternary complexes could be restored in the Cdk7 S164E mutant by truncation of the Cyclin H C-terminus to amino acid 291 (CycH 1-291). Surprisingly, the Cdk7 S164A mutant failed to bind the truncated CycH (1-291) protein in co-purification experiments. This result was unexpected as the Cyclin H C-terminus is supposed to be unstructured and does not contain any canonical feature for Cdk/Cyclin interaction. Together, these data suggest an inhibitory regulatory element residing in the C-terminus of Cyclin H which is reallocated upon Cdk7 Ser164 phosphorylation.
Despite its discovery 25 years ago, only little is known about the Cyclin-dependent kinase 10 (Cdk10) and its cellular functions. In the second part of this thesis, human recombinant Cdk10/CycM from Sf9 insect cells was analysed for activity and substrate specificity. Moreover, new substrates of Cdk10/CycM were identified by mass spectrometry analyses. Expression of wild type Cdk10/CycM complexes in Sf9 cells resulted in active kinase complexes without special needs to activate the kinase recombinantly. Initial activity measurements in radioactive kinase assays using recombinant substrates revealed in vitro kinase activity towards the typical CDK substrates c-MYC and RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD).
In order to identify new Cdk10 substrates by mass spectrometry, an in vitro chemical genetic screen was performed. To this end, the Cdk10 gatekeeper residue methionine 117 was mutated to glycine resulting in an analogue-sensitive Cdk10 M117G mutant. The Cdk10 M117G mutation enlarges the ATP binding pocket which allows Cdk10 to tolerate bulky ATP-analogues as substrates. Due to their size, these ATP-analogues are not used by native, cellular kinases which confers specificity of the labelling reaction to the mutant Cdk10 M117G/CycM complex. To discriminate and purify Cdk10 M117G/CycM phosphorylated proteins from other phosphoproteins in the lysate, ATP-gamma-S analogues were used which allows for the specific enrichment by a covalent capture and release protocol. Mass spectrometric identification of thio-phosphorylated proteins from cell lysates and nuclear extracts was performed in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Henning Urlaub at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. In total, 66 putative Cdk10/CycM substrates were identified. Analysis of the biological function by GO-term analysis shows an enrichment of RNA regulatory and translation related proteins. Six of the putative substrates were selected and validated as Cdk10/CycM substrates in vitro using recombinant proteins in kinase activity measurements.
In this thesis a new regulatory mechanism for Cdk7 activity regulation was discovered. Given the central role of Cdk7 in cell cycle and transcription regulation as well as its pharmacological relevance as a target in cancer, mechanisms that alter Cdk7 activity are of major importance to understand the physiological and pathological roles of Cdk7. Future studies shall be performed to address the regulation by Cdk7 Ser164 phosphorylation in vivo. In case of Cdk10, this study will facilitate future investigations by providing a protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of Cdk10/CycM complexes. Moreover, the thesis contains a rich dataset of Cdk10 substrates, which will help to elucidate the biological function of this kinase complex.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/9272}
}

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