Novak, Nina Maria: Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors Dissecting GEF-dependent and -independent Cytohesin Functions in Immune Cell Signaling. - Bonn, 2014. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-35930
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/6087,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-35930,
author = {{Nina Maria Novak}},
title = {Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors Dissecting GEF-dependent and -independent Cytohesin Functions in Immune Cell Signaling},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2014,
month = jun,

note = {Cytohesins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the small GTPases of the ARF family. They play important roles in immune cell signaling, immune cell adhesion and migration and furthermore in non-immune insulin signaling and regulation of Erb activation. Cytohesin-1 was first discovered as an interactor with the alphaL/beta2 integrin LFA-1 and later as important regulator of T cell signaling in the course of T cell activation.
Investigation of cytohesin function relied on overexpression and downregulation of the protein in a cellular context until recently the small molecule inhibitor Secin H3 was discovered. However, in immune cells Secin H3 was only insufficiently capable of inhibiting cytohesin-mediated processes. In a multidisciplinary approach, bioinformatic in silico predictions for novel molecules derived from the structurally similar Secin H3 were examined for their ability to serve as inhibitors for cytohesin functions in various screening assays. These assays were selected, because they involved different cytohesin functions and cytohesin family members, respectively.
In the outcome of these functional screening assays, two novel small molecules, namely Secin 16 and Secin 144, showed interesting inhibition profiles. With the use of Secin 16, it was possible to inhibit GTP-exchange of ARNO towards ARF1, steppke-dependent insulin signaling and T cell adhesion to ICAM-1 with significantly more potency compared to Secin H3. In contrast, Secin 144 employment abrogated cytohesin-1 mediated T cell adhesion to ICAM-1, whereas GTP-exchange activity or drosophila insulin signaling was left unaffected. Further characterization of these two small molecule inhibitors revealed that they are able to inhibit reported functions of all cytohesin family members without toxic side effects and that they specifically interact with the Sec7 domain of cytohesin-1 in vitro. However, Secin 144 was a specific inhibitor for cytohesin-mediated integrin activation and did not interfere with cytohesin functions related to its GEF-activity. In contrast, Secin 16 was able to inhibit both, adhesion- and GEF-related processes that are linked to cytohesin activity.
The combination of these two novel inhibitors was then further exploited for the investigation of cytohesin-mediated processes and their dependency on catalytic cytohesin GEF-activity. It is shown here, that cytohesin-mediated leukocyte adhesion on endothelial cells is mainly achieved by the interaction between cytohesin-1 and LFA-1 and independent of the catalytic GEF-activity of cytohesin proteins. Furthermore, cytohesin-mediated signaling in T cell activation is mainly dependent on the ability of cytohesin GTP-exchange. Hence, cytokine production, T cell proliferation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation are abrogated, when the pan-cytohesin inhibitor Secin 16 was used. In contrast, the employment of Secin 144 had no significant impact on the inhibition of cytohesin-mediated T cell activation.
Furthermore, immune cell migration is dependent on both, cytohesin GTP-exchange activity and cytohesin-mediated activation of LFA-1. Immune cells are able to switch between integrin-dependent and –independent modes of migration. In integrin-dependent migration the GEF-activity as well as the LFA-1 activation mediated by cytohesin proteins is indispensable for proper forward locomotion in various immune cells. However, in three-dimensional environment integrins are not required for immune cell migration. In this context, only inhibition of the catalytic GEF-activity of cytohesin proteins is impairing migration. In contrast, inhibition of cytohesin-mediated LFA-1 activation does not impair three-dimensional chemotaxis.
In conclusion, the novel small molecule inhibitors for cytohesin function are potent tools for the dissection of GEF-dependent and -independent cytohesin functions.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/6087}
}

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