In der Dissertation werden die charakteristischen Merkmale der vier Museumstypen der Volksrepublik China dargestellt: Nationalmuseen, Museen als Kulturdenkmäler, regionale Zentralmuseen und private Museen. Hierbei liegt ...

Decentralization has been considered a panacea for good governance worldwide and pursued with great fervour by international organizations and national government alike. Though experiences worldwide reveal that it is not ...

The main characteristic of globalization is the "positive" and the "negative" appearing at the same time, and in the same context. The positive effects of globalization are to break down political border, to create ...

Im Zuge der lateinamerikanischen „Quotenwelle“ haben seit 1991 dreizehn von achtzehn lateinamerikanischen Staaten Gesetze zur Steigerung des parlamentarischen Frauenanteils verabschiedet. Auch Ecuador gehört dazu. Die ...

Das Verhalten von Mitarbeitern im Kontext organisationaler (org.) Veränderungen kann besser beschrieben und erklärt werden, wenn Personen- und Situationsvariablen gemeinsam betrachtet werden (Blickle & Schneider, 2010; ...

In der Arbeit wird das Naturverhältnis, d.h. die Vorstellung der Natur in Literatur, Kunst, Religion und Recht [Gephart, 2002] in Russland analysiert. Das Naturverhältnis wird in vier Dimensionen - in eine normative, ...

Failure of the state-led development projects and the growing concerns for participation, in the 1980s and 1990s gave rise to community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). This in turn led to a paradigm shift in natural resource management from centralised state control towards CBNRM, in which the local communities now play actively and have direct control over resource use and management. These community-based approaches are a departure from the statecentered government polices of natural resource management. But the mixed successes and failures of these approaches have led to a question in the Indian development policy context, namely why CBNRM projects fail to achieve their expected level of results and equity. Academics and activists have criticised participatory interventions, for their inherent vulnerability due to power imbalances, which in turn affect various actors’ capacity to participate in a development project. Using the case study of the Mathnaa watershed development project in the Sabarkantha district of Gujarat, this study aims to understand how socio-cultural factors influence participatory institutions and community formation created in CBNRM interventions in rural communities. In addition, it examines how the formal participatory arena is able to give space to the vulnerable and less powerful groups in the village.<br /> Due to the widespread notion that CBNRM project would be successful and egalitarian in nature which would lead to a true representation and the participation of all sections of society, functioning on the principle of democracy and equity. This thesis takes up the analysis of socio-cultural aspects affecting actors’ participation and strategies in various water-related community groups in the formal and informal participatory arenas of managing water. Caste, class and gender dynamics are focused upon, and their influence on various water-related community group. In pursuit of these aspects, the thesis examines the role of power relations in the linkages between the formal and informal institutions operating in Mathnaa society, as well as shaping the participation of the key actors in the formal participatory arenas.<br /> The thesis demonstrates that the formal participatory arenas and institutions created by the process of decentralisation do provide the opportunities for marginalised community members to participate, although the power imbalances in a given community are less likely to guarantee ‘equitable participation’ as an intervention outcome. On the contrary, for actors participating in these formal invited arenas, such as a watershed committee or user group, their social life does not simply consist of formal relations, interactions and negotiations alone; hence, there is a need to understand what the ‘informal’ holds in the functioning of ‘formal participatory arenas’.<br /> Therefore, a need to acknowledge the central role played by any kind of community water-related intervention involves building on and feeding into existing social and power relations and any inequity in the benefits of the CBNRM project through formal participation....
In den 1980ern und 1990er Jahren führten Naturschutz- und Konservierungkomponenten in Entwicklungsprojekten zum community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Dies leitete einen Paradigmenwechsel im vom System zentralisierter staatlicher Kontrolle hin zu CBNRM ein, wobei lokale Gemeinschaften eine aktive Rolle spielen und direkte Kontrolle über die Resourcennutzung besitzen. Diese kommunal-basierten Ansätze bedeuten eine Abkehr von der zentralstaatlichen Politik des Mangements natürlicher Ressourcens. Da dies sowohl zu Erfolgen als auch zu Fehlschlägen führte, wurde in der indischen Entwicklungspolitik die Frage aufgeworfen, warum CBNRM-Projekte daran scheiterten die angestrebten Ziele zu erreichen. Akademiker und Aktivisten kritisierten die partizipatorischen Interventionen für ihre, durch ein fehlendes Machtgleichgewicht entstandene, inhärente Vulnerabilität, die die Fähigkeit verschiedener Akteure beeinflusst, an den Entwicklungsprojekten zu partizipieren.<br /> Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, unter Verwendung einer Fallstudie im Mathnaa Watershed Development Project im Sabarkantha-Distrikt Gujarats in Indien, zu verstehen wie sozio-kulturelle Faktoren die partizipatorischen Institutionen und Gemeindebildungen beeinflussen, die durch CBNRM-Interventionen in ländlichen Gemeinden geschaffen wurden. Diese Dissertation versucht zu verstehen, ob die formale Arena der Partizipation, die geschaffen wurde, um die Teilhabe der Menschen zu fördern, in der Lage ist eine gerechte Teilhabe in den ländlichen Gemeinden zu ermöglichen.<br /> Die Doktorarbeit greift die die Analyse sozio-kultureller Aspekte auf, die die Teilhabe und Strategien der Akteure in verschiedenen Nutzergruppen und anderen Gruppen in formellen und informellen Arenen des Wassermanagements beeinflusst. Kaste, Klasse und Genderdynamiken sowie ihr Einfluss auf verschiedene Gruppen werden besonders betrachtet. In der Folge wird die Thematik der Rolle von Machtverhältnissen in der Verbindung von formellen und informellen Institutionen untersucht, die in Mathnaas agieren und die Teilhabe der Schlüsselakteure in den Arenen der formellen Teilhabe gestalten. <br /> Die Doktorarbeit zeigt auf, wie die Arenen der formellen Teilhabe und Institutionen, die durch die Prozesses der Dezentralisierung geschaffen wurden, den Mitgliedern marginalisierter Gemeinden die Möglichkeit bieten zu partizipieren. Die Machtungleichheiten in einer bestimmten Gemeinde garantieren jedoch mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit ‚gerechte Teilhabe’ als Ergebnis einer Intervention. Andererseits partizipieren die Akteure an diesen formal geschaffenene Arenen wie dem watershed committee oder Nutzergruppen; ihr soziales Leben besteht nicht ausschließlich aus formelle Beziehungen, Interaktionen und Verhandlungen. Daher besteht die Notwendigkeit zu verstehen welche Rolle das ‚Informelle’ beim Funktionieren der ‚formellen Arenen der Teilhabe’ spielt. Diese Dissertation umfasst sieben Kapitel inklusive eine Schlußfolgerung . Im Folgenden findet sich die Zusammenfassung jeden Kapitels....

Die Familie stellt heute die zentrale Institution der spanischen Gesellschaft dar, die die Versäumnisse und Defizite des Sozialstaates auffangen muss. Ohne den Einfluss der Kernfamilie hätte Spaniens Eintritt in die ...

The gold mining sub-sector is an important segment of the Ghanaian economy and continues to play a significant role in the country’s socio-economic development (Akaabza, 2008:1). At the moment, Ghana is Africa’s second ...

In the age of “post-industrial society” and “knowledge economy,” how do agrarian communities in developing countries talk, think, and apply knowledge for their everyday life and production? Does a farmer become a “knowledge worker,” or are knowledge workers only scientists, experts, development practitioners, and agriculture managers? More generally, is there a culture that nurtures knowledge production processes among interactive actors and across traditional boundaries and niches? Globalisation has transformed the way knowledge is produced, transmitted, and applied, as research results from one part of the world are transmitted over long distances to users who need it for their development. A wide gap has often arisen between epistemic culture, the culture of knowledge production, and the social and cultural conditions in which knowledge is applied. This problem is by no means new, but it has taken on new dimensions and practices. Founded on constructivist perspectives of systems thinking and symbolic interactionism, this research scrutinises knowledge diffusion for rural development within the interaction of different types of knowledge, knowledge processes and the four knowledge systems of agricultural extension, research, agribusiness, and farming community in the Mekong Delta, the largest and most active agriculture region in Vietnam.<br /> Placed in a broad analysis of the delta’s river and water civilisation (van minh song nuoc), modern hydraulic society developments and recent natural and social change impacts, the present research has revealed the duality of knowledge diffusion for agriculture and rural development in the Mekong Delta. The conventional model is still prominent in the knowledge diffusion landscape of the delta; researchers are knowledge producers, and agricultural extensionists and development experts are the main knowledge transfer agents of research results and technologies to rural residents as passive receivers. Sets of actors remain confined to their own life worlds, reading from their own scripts while farmers are perceived as passive knowledge and development receivers. The research has also illuminated a restructuration of knowledge diffusion from grassroots, informal, bottom-up efforts and networks conditioned on interactive environment, new identity of actors, and hybridity of knowledge work organisations. What is accentuated from multiple research case studies is that another epistemic culture of rural development is emerging. It is characterised by three principles of inclusionality, co-creation and reflexivity. Inclusionality promotes dynamic relational influences and co-evolutionary processes between nature and humans, environment and structure, community and individuals, knowledge source and receivers. The “I know better” fence that divides actors into the binarism of development experts-beneficiaries, knowledge source-passive receivers, and agencies with interest and knowledge work clashes is demolished. Co-creation relates to the active and creative participation of actors in development and knowledge development construction. Knowledge co-production can be formally performed in transdisciplinary research or everyday practice of collaborative informal grouping. It has to be built upon partnerships. Reflexivity refers to reflexive management of mega-knowledge in creating new knowledge at various levels of learning. Reflexivity creates opportunities for enhancement of conceptual readiness and effective implementation of innovation in more complicated and uncertain contexts of development as well as enrichment of local imaginings that potentially reshape and transform global issues and regimes.<br /> Another epistemic culture of development is emerging with an increasingly important role to play in constructing knowledge for sustainable rural development practices in the Mekong Delta, yet it is often “hidden” from the mainstream development and knowledge for development landscapes. It is from the internalist reconstruction and transformation within reflective communities and hybrid knowledge developed from interaction and networking logic that the alternative epistemic culture is beginning to spring, and in this same orientation it should be promoted. Yet, in the vast ocean of knowledge and emerging islands of new epistemic practices, micro-to-macro knowledge governance has to bridge and breed knowledge-processes-based interaction and learning cultures among communities and networks. If not, distributed transformations of the described epistemic culture of development only fall into being marginalised, budding, and unstructured features of knowledge-based societal change projects and cannot effectively lead (to) rural development transformation....